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The Rise of the New Monarchs: France, England, and Spain in the High Middle Ages

Explore the centralization of power and the challenges faced by the new monarchs in France, England, and Spain during the High Middle Ages. Discover how they curbed the power of the nobility and established order. Learn about the key policies and reforms that helped strengthen their rule.

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The Rise of the New Monarchs: France, England, and Spain in the High Middle Ages

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  1. The New Monarchs Chapter 13 Part 7

  2. The New Monarchs • Many of basic institutions of the modern state were created in the High Middle Ages: • Sheriffs, inquests, juries, circuit judges, professional bureaucrats, representative assemblies… • But the creation of the nation-state depended on a strong monarchy

  3. Centralization began after the Hundred Years’ War (15th C.) • Biggest problems of the monarchs • Most important: power struggle with the nobility • Power struggle with the Church was also problematic

  4. Monarchs needed to curb the power of the Nobility • Monarchs needed to reduce violence & establish order (both were important to the middle class) • Monarchs will rely more heavily on the middle class as government officials • The Nobility will be replaced by the middle class who will be loyal to the monarch because their new positions were all due to the king. • The nobles’ positions were inherited and not generally “given” to them by the king

  5. The monarchs and the Nobility • To curb the power of the nobles monarchs had to be tough, cynical, and ruthless • Machiavelli: Deal with things as they are; not as they ought to be • People are ungrateful, barbaric, dishonest, stupid • In the Middle Ages the ideal ruler was just, kind and merciful, fair…not any more

  6. France • Was fragmented after the Hundred Years’ War • Remember, in France, it was a Civil War too • Problems with Burgundy, etc • Nobles were vying for the king’s power • Monarch unwilling to share power so no assemblies • BUT lack of widespread authority = tough to enforce the law in out-lying areas

  7. Centralization began with Charles VII (1422-1461) • Defeated Burgundy in 1477 • Expanded trade • Reorganized the Royal Council (advisors) by packing it with middle class rather than nobles • Creation of a permanent standing army • Expanded state control over the Church

  8. The Galician Church • The Pragmatic Sanction of the Bourges: Reaffirmed that the state was more powerful than the Church in France. • Gave the crown power over Church appointments (Bishops) and gave the crown the authority to tax Church lands in France

  9. Louis XI (the Spider King)1461-1483 • Was ruthless in dealing with uncooperative nobility • Promoted new industries • Encouraged skilled craftsmen to come to France • Made trade agreements with other countries • Increased taxes and improved army • Brought Brittany under French control through the marriage of his son, Charles to Anne of Brittany

  10. Charles VIII 1483-1498 • 1494-1498 Invaded Italy at the request of Ludivico the Moor (Milan)

  11. Louis XII 1498-1515 • Also married Anne of Brittany • Entered into The League of Cambrai prior to the invasion of Italy which began the Hapsburg-Valois War

  12. Francis I 1515-1545was the biggest enemy of Charles V • Fought the Hapsburgs throughout his reign • 1516 The Concordat of Balogna with Pope Leo X: • Rescinded earlier Pragmatic Sanction of the Bourges. • Pope could receive first year’s income of NEW bishops and abbots but crown could select new bishops and abbots (even more power to the state over the Church)

  13. England • 100 Years’ War 1337-1453 • War of the Roses 1455-1485 • Many nobles died due to above • So a little easier to remove their influence from court • Nobles now controlled by The Star Chamber

  14. The Tudors • England small, weak & unimportant country • BUT Growth of a strong monarchy under Henry VII (the founder of the dynasty) • Developed standard government procedures for law, taxation • Tried to avoid foreign wars to decrease dependence on Parliament

  15. Henry VII • Created the Royal Council • Made up of mostly middle class • Had wide powers: judicial, executive, legislative • The Star Chamber was an off-shoot of the RC • Had secret sessions • Used torture to discourage the ambitions of the nobility

  16. England • Had no standing army or professional bureaucrats • Relied on Justices of the Peace for local control • The crown was supported by upper middle class because its policies favored them. • Security and order is what the upper middle class wanted and got

  17. England • Henry VII encouraged the cloth industry • Built up the merchant marine • Peace with Scotland with marriage of daughter, Margaret • Crushed an Irish rebellion • Country was in good shape for son, Henry VIII

  18. Spain • Spain shares the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal • Was divided into 4 kingdoms: Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Grenada • 1469 Marriage Ferdinand to Isabella consolidating Castile and Aragon • By 1492 they had conquered the other two and had driven the Moors out of Grenada

  19. The Reconquista • For centuries the Christians wanted religious homogeny in Spain • The Reconquista: Jews and Muslims were strongly encouraged to convert or leave (or die)

  20. Control of the Spanish Church • Spanish Pope, Alexander VI gave the crown power to appoint bishops in Spain and in Spanish overseas territories • Revenue from Church lands went to establish a permanent standing army

  21. The Jews in Spain • Jews had earlier been expelled from England and France • Was much resentment in Spain • Jews were the Doctors, Bankers, wealthy • Most had converted during the Reconquista BUT were still not trusted by the bulk of the population

  22. After the Reconquista • Converts were called Conversos or Marranos • About 200,000 Jews in Spain • If the New Christians were protected by the crown, the crown would lose popular support • Popular belief that the conversions were false and that the Jews continued to practice their old religion

  23. 1480 The Inquisition • To gain support of the majority of the population • Was sanctioned by Pope Sixtus IV • Was used against Jews, Muslims and later, Protestants • No reformation in Spain • Church had been reformed by Cisneros (Dominican humanist & author of the Polyglot)

  24. Centralization of Ferdinand and Isabella • Began to build overseas empire • Mesta government organization to encourage sheep ranching • Hermandad alliance of groups in cities and towns • Were police force and tribunals • Ruthlessly repressed violence and kept order • Opposed to the nobility

  25. The Royal Council • Aristocrats were excluded • Members were middle class • BUT in Spain, not much of a middle class due to their expulsion

  26. The HRE • 1356 The Golden Bull 7 German electors were given the right to name the HRE • BUT after 1452 the HRE was controlled by the Hapsburgs • The Empire was made up of 300+ sovereign states • The HRE had little power as over time, one after another had traded powers for votes

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