HONORS USH C. 1 EUROPEAN COLONIZATION

1. HONORS USH C. 1EUROPEAN COLONIZATION THE NEW WORLD

2. FIRST AMERICANS • 30,000-15,000 people from Siberia migrated across Beringia (land bridge) during the last Ice Age to Alaska. • These people created diverse societies from Alaska to Argentina. All different due to their environment. -Hunters/gatherers -Farming -City-builders Notable Indian civilizations: -Olmec, Maya, Aztec, Inca -Iroquois Communal land ownership, polytheistic, matrilineal.

3. EUROPEAN DISCOVERIES AND INVASION • I. 1000 AD Vikings led by Leif Ericson—Vinland (Newfoundland) • Skrellings • Sagas • II. Backdrop for European Discovery • 1000 AD Continental Europe “Middle Ages” Feudalism • Crusades—opened up a new way of life • Renaissance • Commercial Revolution • “middlemen”—Venice, Constantinople, Arab merchants • Age of Discovery • III. Portuguese Exploration • United, at peace, perfect location • Prince Henry the Navigator “Sagres Navigation School” • Africa; 1488-Dias, 1497 da Gama, 1500 Cabral • IV. Christopher Columbus • Theory, the Voyages, results • 1493 Inter Caeteras , 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas • Amerigo Vespucci—1501 “New World”

4. CONQUESTAND CATASTROPHE • “GOD, GOLD, GLORY” SPANISH EMPIRE • Famous Conquistadores and Missionaries • Balboa 1513 • de Leon 1513 • Cortes,1519 • Magellan’s voyage 1519-1522 • Pizarro 1523 • De Soto 1539 • Coronado 1540 • Mendoza 1556 Spanish Empire “The Golden Age of Spain” 1519-1588 CREATED A NEW GLOBAL ECONOMY BASED ON GOLD AND SILVER • ENCOMIENDAS, HACIENDAS • IMPACT OF PROTESTANT REFORMATION 1521

5. OTHER COLONIZATION ATTEMPTS • FRANCE– 1523 GIOVANNI DE VERRAZZANO 1535 JACQUES CARTIER 1608 SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN QUEBEC -- FUR TRAPPING COURIER DE BOIS 1659 LOUIS JOLIET, JACQUES MARQUETTE 1680 ROBERT LASALLE MERCANTILISM: (Jean Baptiste Colbert) FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE GOLD= POWER COLONIES AT EVERY LATITUDE COLONIES EXIST TO ASSIST THE “MOTHER COUNTRY” HOLLAND AND SWEDEN-- 1609 HENRY (HEINRICH) HUDSON

6. Food Crops Animals Medicines • THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE • GOODS ORIGINATING IN THE NEW WORLD GOING TO THE OLD • GOODS COMING FROM THE OLD WORLD TO THE NEW Grains Livestock Fruit Vegetables Insects Disease Slavery

7. THE BRITISH • 1. ENGLISH EXPLORATION • John Cabot--1496 • 2. COLONIAL INTEREST: ENGLAND CHALLENGES SPAIN (MOTIVES) QE I. • 3. WAR WITH SPAIN • Spanish Armada 1588 • 4. TYPE OF PEOPLE THAT WERE INVOLVED IN THE COLONIZATION OF AMERICA • Monarchy--Mercantilism • Merchants—joint-stock companies “East India Tea Company” 1600, Virginia Co. of London 1606 • Commoners--Enclosure Movement 1500s to 1700s • 5. ENGLISH COLONIES: (proprietary, charter, royal) • 1606 Virginia Company of London— proprietary charter from King James I • Dec. 25, 1606, 120 settlers left England on 3 ships.

8. 1st BRITISH SETTLEMENT: JAMESTOWN (Virginia) • 1607—Joint-Stock Co. the Virginia Co. • 1609 New Charter: • Governor to rule Jamestown from Jamestown –Lord De La Warr • Sold more shares in London Company • Company Servants • 1609-1611—”Starving Time” • Thomas Dale 1611 • Tobacco—John Rolfe • 1618 Head-right System and Representative Govt. • Head right • Indentured servants • Plantation System • House of Burgesses • Introduction of African Slavery • Massacre of 1622 • Charter revoked 1624—Royal Colony

9. THE PILGRIMS (Massachusetts) • “SEPARATISTS” • JAMESTOWN AS COMPANY SERVANTS • 1620– MAYFLOWER • MASSACHUSETTS NOT VIRGINIA • MAYFLOWER COMPACT • THANKSGIVING DAY

10. THE PURITANS (Massachusetts) • 1. Puritans were religious reformers interested in “purifying” the Church of England of Catholic ritual. • 2. Generally upper class who by the late 1620s they had become a powerful voice in Parliament. • 3. In 1629 they forced the King Charles I to sign the English Petition of Right. • The King continued to persecute them. • 1628 Massachusetts Bay Co. created. • Granted a self-governing charter. • Create a society that the rest of the world will look up “ the city on the hill”.--Boston • 1630 Boston founded. Government organization: • Commonwealth: theocracy led by John Winthrop. • Legislature= General Court, made up of 100 stockholders (freeman)

11. Covenant of Grace- • When man was created God promised that man would never die but Adam broke God’s covenant—all men deserve damnation. • But if “saved” by God’s grace then a chosen elect would be saved. Covenant of Works- • If you lived life according to Moral Codes then that would be an outward sign to all that you were a “chosen elect”. “National Covenant”— The destiny of a nation was based on the actions of the people. God’s “grace” ensured their survival. (Blue Laws) • Based on this Massachusetts society was devoted to the common welfare for the good of all.--Commonwealth • NEW ENGLAND SOCIETY • Hard work (Protestant work ethic) • Fear of God—schools “de luder Satan” Harvard, Yale Triangular Trade—Lumber, grain, shipbuilding, fishing– Sugar Cane Intolerant and suspicious of dissent and difference—Salem Witch Trials. 1692

12. OTHER “NE” COLONIES: • CONNECTICUT • 1. Rev. Thomas Hooker 1636 Hartford • 2. Fundamental Orders • RHODE ISLAND • 1. Roger Williams 1636 Providence • 2. Anne Hutchinson 1638 Portsmouth • 3. 1644 chartered by King—self- governing • NEW HAMPSHIRE • 1. Rev. John Wheelwright 1638

13. MIDDLE ATLANTIC COLONIES: (NJ. , PA., DEL., NY) • NEW JERSEY (Restoration Colony) • 1. 1665--Duke of York granted estate to • John Berkeley and George Carteret. • 2. To sell the land they promised: • - religious freedom • - elected assembly • - political freedom and • - cheap land • 3. By 1680, Berkeley and Carteret had sold his to Quakers. 4. 1702 Chartered as New Jersey • QUAKER RELIGION GEORGE FOX 1600s • BELIEFS:

14. PENNSYLVANIA (Restoration Colony) 1. 1681 King Charles II-charter-to William Penn — Quaker. 2. “Experiment in Holy Christian Living” 3. Freedom of religion for all Christians 4. Self-government; unicameral assembly. 5. First settlement—Philadelphia “ 6. Advertised the colony throughout Northern Europe. Attracted many Germans.--Amish 7. Economy—shipping, wood products, farming

15. DELAWARE • 1. 1704 broke from Pa. • 2. Not Quaker. • 3. Raised tobacco. NEW YORK (Restoration Colony) 1. Dutch War: “The Nutmeg War” 2. 1664, Eng. Sent 4 warships to New Amsterdam 3. Granted to the Duke of York (King James II) 4. Dutch influences today

16. MARYLAND • 1. Proprietary Colony • 2. George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) • 3. Refuge for Catholics • 4. By 1640 elected assembly created. • 5. 1644—Toleration Act passed. • 6. Until 1670s relied on indentured servants and African slaves.

17. (SOUTH, NORTH) CAROLINA (Restoration Colony) 1. 1663 Proprietary Charter to the 8 Lord’s Proprietors. George Carteret, Anthony Ashley-Cooper, John Colleton, William Berkeley, John Berkeley, George Monck, Edward Hyde, William, Earl of Craven • SOUTHERN COLONIES: (Va., Md., NC, SC, Ga) 2. Sea to Sea grant. 3. Fundamental Constitutions John Locke, James Harrington. 4. 1670 Charles Towne • Economy—trade with West Indies, rice, tobacco, deerskins, relied heavily on African slavery to work the rice fields. • 1719 rebellion in NC 7. 1729 NC-SC split-- Royal Colony

18. GEORGIA • 1. James Oglethorpe—trustee for a colony of debtors. 1733 subsidized by the King. • 2. Serve as a buffer zone between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas. • 3. First settlement—Savannah • 4. Settlers—50 acres, tools and supplies. • 5. Mulberry trees (silk) and olive trees. • 6. Alcohol, lawyers and slavery forbidden. • 7. 1752 Royal Colony

19. OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY COLONIES: AFTER THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR 1642-1649 Interregnum Period 1649-1659, Oliver Cromwell ruled. THE KING WAS “RESTORED” RESTORATION 1660 1. King Charles II put on the throne. 2. Payment for that debt— colonies THE RESTORATION COLONIES WERE: SC, NC, NY, NJ, Pa, De. • I. RESTORATION COLONIES • TYPES OF CHARTERS: I. Royal– Colony controlled by the Monarch. • II. Proprietary– Colony granted to a businessman or businessmen. • III. Charter (self-governing)– Colony granted to the people.

20. TYPES OF COLONIES CONTINUED: • BY GEOGRAPHY: • New England: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire • Middle Atlantic: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland • Southern: Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

21. LIFE IN COLONIAL AMERICA 1. Slavery in the colonies: Present in all 13 colonies by 1740 2 types: Gang System (Va. Northward) Task System (Deep South) 2. Women Property of their fathers, older brothers or husbands 2nd class citizens. Few legal rights. Treated more of an equal in America. 3. French and English Wars. Causes: Results: King William’s War, Queen Anne’s War, King George’s War 4. The Enlightenment 5. Navigation Acts

22. NAVIGATION ACTS SUMMARY • These laws were enacted to keep Dutch goods out of the colonies • Wheat, fish, corn not enumerated—could be sold anywhere as long as the other laws were followed. • All cash crops were enumerated: indigo, sugar cane, rice, naval stores, tobacco, cotton, etc.—had to be sold to English merchants. • English manufacturers could only purchase enumerated goods from English colonies. • Manufacturing was illegal in the colonies—iron forges, textile mills, clothiers, rum, etc. • England produced the finished product—colonies supplied the raw materials—all benefitted and no gold was leaving the Br. Empire.