Becoming a World Power, 1898-1917

1. Chapter 22 Becoming a World Power, 1898-1917 © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved.

2. The United States Looks Abroad • By the 19th Century, many Americans were looking to extend their reach abroad: • Protestant Missionaries • Businessmen • Imperialists (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

3. Protestant Missionaries • Focused mainly on China • Christian duty • “Civilizing” (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

4. Businessmen • Exports of American manufactured goods rise after 1880 • American tobacco sold 1 billion cigarettes to China • James J. Hill • Frederick Jackson Turner • “The Significance of the Frontier in American History" • Senator Albert Beveridge (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

5. Leading U.S. Exports, 1875 and 1915 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

6. Imperialists • U.S. should be imperial nation like Britain, France, Germany, and Russia • Alfred Thayer Mahan • The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) • “Big navy” policy • Pago Pago, Samoa and Pearl Harbor, Hawaii • Hawaii • Queen Liliuokalani • “Jingoism“ • War and imperialism attempt to revive frontier like masculinity (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

7. The Spanish-American War • Cuban Revolution (1895) • Valeriano Weyler • “Yellow journalism" • William Randolph Hearst • Joseph Pulitzer • de Lôme letter • Maine • Teller Amendment (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

8. “A Splendid Little War” • Main reason for U.S. victory was naval superiority • American soldiers racial perceptions of Cubans confused and they refused to work with Cubans • George Dewey • Manila • Theodore Roosevelt and the "Rough Riders" • Kettle Hill and Negro Infantry • San Juan Hill • Spanish Atlantic fleet destroyed, Spain surrenders • Treaty of Paris, 1898 • U.S. gets Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines • U.S. pays $20 million (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

9. The United States Becomes a World Power • McKinley casts his lot with imperialists • Hawaiian annexation (1898) • Lands gained from Spain colonies not territories • Philippines • Emilio Aguinaldo (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

10. The Debate over the Treaty of Paris • Anti-Imperialist League • William Jennings Bryan and southern and western democrats • Against proposed acquisition of Philippines • An assault on Filipinos’ rights • Businessmen and laborers feared competition from Philippines • Maintaining outposts more expensive than economic benefit • Racist motives not to contaminate America • Filipinos revolt, Anti-Imperialists lose (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

11. The American-Filipino War • 4 years of fighting between U.S. soldiers and Filipino rebels • Were American actions in Philippines any different than those of Spain in Cuba? • Arthur MacArthur • William Howard Taft (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

12. Controlling Cuba and Puerto Rico • Leonard Wood • Platt Amendment • Foraker Act (1900) • Unincorporated territory • Insular cases • Caribbean becoming an “American Mediterranean” (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

13. China and the “Open Door” • Other countries controlled China’s trade through spheres of influence • John Hay • “Open Door" policy • Boxer Rebellion (1900) • 2nd Open Door notes (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

14. Theodore Roosevelt, Geopolitician • Driving force in U.S. foreign policy • Roosevelt believed the nation, like an individual, must strive for greatness • Americans were racially superior and destined for supremacy in economic and political affairs • Shrewd analyst of international affairs • No patience for small countries’ claims to sovereignty or human rights of weak peoples • Latin America, Africa, Asia (except Japan) were inferior (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

15. The Roosevelt Corollary • Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine • Venezuela • Dominican Republic • Roosevelt’s interventions concerned with stability not democratic institutions or social justice (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

16. The Panama Canal • Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) • Hay-Herran Treaty (1902) • Philippe Bunau-Varilla • Panamanian revolt and the U.S.S. Nashville • Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) • “The treaty which no Panamanian signed” • Building canal impressive test of American ingenuity and willpower • Strategic importance of canal increased U.S. determination to preserve order in Central America (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

17. Keeping the Peace in East Asia • Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) • Treaty of Portsmouth, New Hampshire (1905) • Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905) • Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) • “Gentlemen's agreement" (1907) • “Great White Fleet” (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

18. William Howard Taft, Dollar Diplomat • Philander C. Knox and “Dollar diplomacy” • Substitute “dollars for bullets” • Setback in China • United Fruit • Nicaragua • José Santos Zelaya • Adolfo Diaz (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

19. U.S. Global Investments and Investments in Latin America, 1914 (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

20. Woodrow Wilson, Struggling Idealist • Wilson intervened in Caribbean more than any President before • Haiti and Dominican Republic • Wilson more concerned with morality and justice than Taft or Roosevelt • Mexican Revolution: Wilson hopes for democracy • Francisco Madero • Victoriano Huerta • Veracruz (1914) • Venustiano Carranza and Francisco "Pancho" Villa • John Pershing (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

21. Conclusion • Dramatic turns in U.S. foreign policy • Control of Western Hemisphere • Moved military and economic power into Asia • Peoples of Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and Colombia were regarded as inferior and denied right to govern themselves (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved