1 / 41

AP Psychology

AP Psychology. Exam Review. How to Write an Essay. Answer the questions/terms in order Do NOT start sentences with your answer! Do NOT add bullets, numbers, or additional letters Add trigger words AND define and explain them!. Prologue: History and Approaches (2 – 4%).

lamare
Download Presentation

AP Psychology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. AP Psychology Exam Review

  2. How to Write an Essay • Answer the questions/terms in order • Do NOT start sentences with your answer! • Do NOT add bullets, numbers, or additional letters • Add trigger words AND define and explain them!

  3. Prologue: History and Approaches(2 – 4%) • How psychology developed • Major fields of psychology • Applying fields to other aspects of psychology

  4. How Psychology Developed • Overall • Debate between how mind and body work together • Empiricism: knowledge originates in experience- we should do experiments • Wundt: 1st psych laboratory • Titchener: structuralism- introspection • James: functionalism- how mind and body work together to help us flourish

  5. Fields of Psychology • Psychoanalytical • Psychodynamic/Neo Freudian • Cognitive • Social-Cognitive • Behavioral/Learning • Humanistic • Biomedical • Socio-Cultural

  6. Overall: how unconscious drives and thoughts influence people Freud Repressed unconscious drives Conflict between Id, Superego, Ego Childhood/Past Psychoanalytical

  7. Overall: deals with unconscious, but focuses more on the conscious Jung Collective unconscious Adler Childhood inferiority Horney Childhood anxiety Psychodynamic/Neo Freudian

  8. Overall: how our thought processes influence us Cognitive

  9. Overall: how our environment influences our thought process (vice versa) Bandura Reciprocal determinism Other Trigger Words Locus of Control Explanatory Style Self-efficacy Learned helplessness Social-Cognitive

  10. Overall: how our behaviors are conditioned and learned observations Pavlov Classical conditioning (dog) Watson Classical conditioning (baby Albert) Skinner Operant conditioning (rats) Bandura Learned observations (modeling) Behavioral

  11. Overall: how esteem, potential, positive regard, and love influence people Maslow Self-actualization Carl Rogers Unconditional positive regard Self-concept Humanistic

  12. Overall: structure and/or chemicals in the brain Wernicke Language comprehension Broca Language speech Biological

  13. Overall: how behaviors change through different situations and cultur Socio-Cultural

  14. How the Fields Apply to Other Aspects of Psychology • Personality • Disorders • Therapy

  15. Applying Fields to Personality Our personality is defined by or a result of. . . . . • Psychoanalytical • Conflicts between Id, Superego, and Ego. (Freud) • Repressed unconscious drives developed in childhood (Freud) • Psychodynamic/Neo Freudian • Our collective unconscious (Jung) • childhood inferiority (Adler) • childhood anxiety (Horney) • Humanistic • Our desire to reach self-actualization (Maslow) • how much unconditional positive regard we have received (Rogers) • Social-Cognitive • Reciprocal determinism (Bandura) • Locus of control, explanatory style, self-efficacy, learned helplessness

  16. Applying Fields to Disorders Psychological disorders are defined by or a result of. . . . . • Psychoanalytical • Repressed unconscious drives which started in childhood, conflict between Id, Superego, and Ego • Cognitive • Abnormal thoughts • Social Cognitive • Reciprocal determinism, external locus of control, pessimistic explanatory style, or learned helplessness • Behavioral • Learned behaviors, modeled behaviors, symptoms conditioned (either classical or operant) • Humanistic • Lack of unconditional positive regard, • Biomedical • Structural problem or chemical imbalance with the brain • Socio-Cultural • Environment and/or cultural influences

  17. Applying Fields to Therapy Psychological disorders can be treated by/through. . . • Psychoanalytical • Revealing repressed unconscious drives/thoughts • Psychodynamic/Neo Freudian • Revealing repressed unconscious drives/thoughts • Cognitive • Changing abnormal thoughts, develop more constructive ways of thinking • Behavioral • Condition away the symptoms, model good behavior • Humanistic • Boost client’s self esteem and help them realize their full potential • Biomedical • Treat the brain abnormalities

  18. Nature vs. Nurture • This goes with every chapter • Genetics: play a role in many chapters • If parents have it, children likely to have it • Twin studies: if one twin has it, other most likely has it • Biological vs. Adoptive: children are more like their biological parent than their adoptive

  19. Ch.1: Research Methods • Types of Research • Correlation • Experimentation • Statistical Reasoning • Ethics

  20. Types of Research • Case Study • Advantage: in depth • Disadvantage: isolated case • Survey • Advantage: large sample • Disadvantage: bias • Naturalistic Observation • Advantages: see how people “really” are • Disadvantages: does not explain behavior • Correlational Study • Advantages: can establish relationship • Disadvantages: does not provide cause and effect • Experiment • Advantages: manipulate variables to provide cause and effect • Disadvantages: human error, bias

  21. Correlation • Correlation coefficient- measures strength of correlation • Positive correlation- both variables increase or decrease together • Negative correlation- one variable increases, while the other decreases (vice versa) • Scatterplot • Illusory correlation

  22. Experimentation • Selecting Participants • Random Sample: people you choose • Random Assignment: how you assign them to your experiment • Experimental group: receives IV • Control group: does not receive IV, OR receives placebo • Conducting Experiment • Independent variable- thing you add to experiment • Dependent variable- thing you want to change • Blinds- participants don’t know the IV • Double blinds- both participants and experimenters don’t know who gets IV • Placebo- fake “IV” • Placebo effect- just thinking they are receiving IV can lead to an effect • Confounding variables- variables that may alter the results (other than IV) • Operational definitions- list of procedures (allows for replication!)

  23. Statistical Reasoning • Types of Research • Descriptive: finding mean, median, mode • Inferential: using mean, median, and mode to draw conclusions • Measures of Central Tendency • Mean: average • Median: middle • Mode: most often • Measures of Variation • Range: gap in between highest and lowest • Standard deviation: how much scores vary from mean • Statistical Significance • 95% or greater chance that the difference between groups is NOT due to chance!

  24. Normal Distribution/Bell Curve

  25. Ethical Considerations • Consent • confidentiality • volunteers only • the right to discontinue • conduct studies that limit stress • debrief/follow up with participants

  26. Ch.2: Neuroscience ( • Neurons • Nervous System • Endocrine System • Brain parts • Brain Hemispheres • Studying the brain

  27. Parts of the Neuron

  28. Neural Communication • Resting potential – Action potential – Refractory period • Polarized – depolarized - polarized

  29. Drugs

  30. Endocrine System

  31. Brain Parts Review all brain parts! ! ! • Brain parts that come up in other chapters: • Amygdala- fear • Hypothalamus- hunger, thirst, and sex • Hippocampus- memory • Prefrontal Cortex- memory as you go • Frontal Lobe- main area, speaking, muscle movements, planning

  32. Brain Hemispheres • Hemispheres: • Left- verbal, math, organized, etc. • Right- creative, spontaneous, fun • Split-Brain • Cannot transfer info to the other hemisphere, because corpus callosum is severed.

  33. MRI’s, Cat scan- structure only EEG, Pet scan- electrical activity, glucose levels fMRI- blood flow Studying the Brain

  34. Ch.4: Development • Infancy • Adolescence • Adulthood • Piaget Stages • Kohlberg’s Moral Development • Erickson’s Social Psych Development

  35. Zygote – embryo – fetus Teratogens, fetal alcohol syndrome Maturation habituation Infancy: Physical

  36. Infancy: Cognitive • Piaget- look at your chart!

  37. Harlow- attachment through body contact (monkeys) Lorenz- attachment through imprinting (geese) Ainsworth- secure vs. insecure attachment Baumrind- authoritarian, permissive, authoritative parenting Erickson- basic trust Infancy: Social

  38. Adolescence • Physical • Puberty, primary and secondary sex characteristics • Cognitive • See morality (it mainly develops in adolescence) • Social • See Erickson (identity)

  39. Adulthood • Physical • Overall decrease (strength, cognitions, etc.) • Menopause • Alzheimer’s, dementia • Cognitive • Crystallized intelligence- increases • Fluid- decreases • Social • Social clock

  40. Kohlberg: Refer to your handout Gilligan- girls morally different than boys (more social) Moral Development (Kohlberg)

  41. Erikson’s Social Development • Infancy • Trust, autonomy • Adolescence • identity • Adulthood • Intimacy, integrity

More Related