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The Brain and Behavior Outline

Explore the functions, evolution, and structure of the brain and how it influences behavior. Learn about neurons, action potentials, synapses, reflexes, and more.

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The Brain and Behavior Outline

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  1. The Brain and BehaviorOutline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  2. Functions • Communication • Coordination • Control • Cognition • Complexity

  3. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  4. Evolution • None • Nerve net • Segmented • Cephalization: an organizing principle (brain-mind correlation not always obvious!) • Kineses • Taxes • Reflexes

  5. Evolution

  6. Brain Structure

  7. Brain Structure

  8. Brain Structure DRUGS

  9. Evolution • None • Nerve net • Segmented • Cephalization: an organizing principle (brain-mind correlation not always obvious!) • Kineses • Taxes • Reflexes

  10. Reflexes • Kinesis (potato bug) • Taxis (moth / maggot / fly / tick) • Reflex: (knee jerk) • Descartes 161 St. Germaine on the Seine • Pineal • Mechanist

  11. Reflexes • Braightenberg: Vehicles

  12. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  13. The Neuron • 100 billion • Varied in size, shape, function • Function of neuron sending signals in real time (ex.) • What is the signal? - electrical / chemical

  14. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  15. Origin of nerve signal • Function of neuron sending signals in real time (ex.) • What is the signal? - electrical / chemical

  16. Generation • Two forces: • Electrical (ionic) • Chemical (concentration) • Give rise to steady-state voltage “resting potential” • Universal in cells

  17. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  18. Action Potential

  19. Movement of a Signal

  20. Action Potential • Cell actions • Speed: Muller (light), Helmholtz (43 m/sec) • Refractoriness • All or none law • Coding of intensity: analog-digital + recruitment (organizing principle)

  21. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  22. Synapses: What happens when signal reaches end of neuron? • Two types of actions - excitatory / inhibitory • Chemical model • Temporal & spatial summation

  23. Synapses

  24. Release of Neurotransmitter

  25. Synapses

  26. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  27. A Model for building behavior out of simple building blocks • Reflexes • Voting behavior • Mirror neurons • Other examples to follow

  28. Reflexes: A model

  29. Outline • Functions • Evolution: structure and behavior • Basic Unit: The Neuron • Generation: How does a signal get started? • Action Potential: How does a signal move? • Synapses • Reflexes: A model • Brain Organizing Principles and Functions

  30. Principles and Functions • Cephalization • Localization of Function (+ Integration) • Topographic Projection (& Distortion) • All-or-None Law • Frequency Coding of Intensity • Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies • Split Brain (Crossed Connections) • Neuro-plasticity & Reorganization

  31. Brain Structure (midline)

  32. Structure: Central Core

  33. Structure: X-Ray View

  34. Localization of Function

  35. Localization/Topographic Projection

  36. Localization/Topographic Proj.

  37. Localization/Topographic Proj.

  38. Split Brain

  39. Split Brain

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