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Animal Cognition

Animal Cognition. Clive D. L. Wynne Animal Communication. Animal Communication. In the Wild Honeybees in the Alps Vervet monkeys in Kenya Dolphins In the Lab Apes Dolphins Parrots. Bees: Round Dance. Bees: Waggle Dance.

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Animal Cognition

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  1. Animal Cognition Clive D. L. Wynne Animal Communication

  2. Animal Communication • In the Wild • Honeybees in the Alps • Vervet monkeys in Kenya • Dolphins • In the Lab • Apes • Dolphins • Parrots

  3. Bees: Round Dance

  4. Bees: Waggle Dance • Returning forager bees communicate the distance, sun-bearing, and quality of the nectar they have found in a dance.

  5. “The flight paths of honeybees recruited by the waggle dance,” J. R. Riley, U. Greggers, A. D. Smith, D. R. Reynolds, R. Menzel, Nature, May 12, 2005 Bees: Waggle Dance • Strictly speaking von Frisch only identified that the waggle dance contained certain information • He didn’t prove that the followers were actually using that info.

  6. Vervet Monkeys

  7. Vervet Monkeys • 21 distinct calls • e.g., snake • leopard • eagle • appropriate protective reactions

  8. Vervet Monkeys: Contents of Calls • Call evokes evasive action • quick – into the trees! • Call evokes representation of threat • watch out – there a lion!

  9. Vervet Monkeys: Contents of Calls • One suggestive result is that monkeys act differently depending where they are when they hear the alarm vs

  10. Vervet Monkeys: Contents of Calls • Playback experiments • Repeatedly play back same call • observe habituation vs

  11. Vervet Monkeys: Contents of Calls • Habituate one call • then test another • E.g., snake, snake, snake, leopard

  12. Vervet Monkeys: Contents of Calls • Wrr & ‘chutter’ both mean ‘other monkeys’ • Habituate chutter • Test wrr

  13. Language • Human language has: • Vocabulary • 10s or 100s of thousands of tokens • Grammar • Rules for combining words • Displaced reference • No matter how eloquently your dog may bark, he will never tell you that his parents were honest but poor - Wittgenstein • Creativity • Ability to describe things never seen before.

  14. Winthrop & Luella Kelloggwith Donald and Gua, 1931.

  15. Gua with Winthrop Kellogg

  16. Cathy & Keith Hayes with Vicki. Late 1940s.

  17. Kathy & Keith Hayes with Viki

  18. Allen & Beatrix Gardner with Washoe. Roger Fouts & Washoe

  19. Duane Rumbaugh and Lana Please person-name move into room Please put food-name in machine Please machine make window open Object-name name of this Color-name name of this

  20. Ape Language: Creativity • Washoe “Water bird” for swan. • Lucy “drink fruit” for water melon. • Lana “apple which is orange-color” for orange.

  21. Herb Terrace and Nim

  22. Ape Language: Vocabulary • Washoe 132 ASL signs in 5 years • Nim 125 ASL signs in 3 1/2 years • Koko 400? signs in 25 years • Human 2-year-old learns 10 words a day!

  23. Ape Language: Grammar • Give orange me give eat orange me eat orange give me eat orange give me you • Nim’s longest utterance

  24. Ape Language: Kanzi ‘the Einstein and Shakespeare of the chimpanzee world rolled into one.’ Robin Dunbar.

  25. Kanzi: Grammatical competence Claims

  26. 50% 57% 28% Kanzi: Grammatical competence Reality Man bites Ape: Ape bites Man 72%

  27. Ape Language: Kanzi’s Grammar • Productive ‘grammar’ • Just word order habits • Lexigram  gesture • Mean length of utterance 1.15 after 20 years – less than Nim! • 94% utterances just one sign.

  28. Kanzi on Japanese TV documentary Human: Kanzi, this is Janine. Would you like any food? Tell me what food you'd like. Kanzi: Food surprise. Human: Some food surprise? Kanzi: Food surprise. Human: Kanzi, would you like a juice, or some M&Ms, or some sugar cane? Kanzi: M&Ms. Human: You like M&Ms? Okay. Kanzi, is there any other food you'd like me to bring in the backpack? Kanzi: Ball. Human: A ball? Okay … Kanzi: Want milk. Milk. Human: You want some milk? I know, you always want some milk when you're planning to be good. Kanzi: Key. Matada. Good. Human: Oh, you want the key to Matada, and you're going to be good. Well, I'm glad to hear that. I'm glad to hear that.

  29. Dolphin signature whistles

  30. Dolphin signature whistles energy time  energy frequency

  31. Akeakamai with Louis Herman, 2000 Dolphins: artificial language

  32. Akeakamai with Louis Herman, 2000 Dolphins: artificial language • Pipe hoop fetch= ´take the hoop to the pipe´ • Hoop pipe fetch = ´take the pipe to the hoop´ • Akea tested on 193 novel sentences & correct on 85%

  33. Parrots • What is green? • What wood? • What shape? • How many? • What shape is the green wood?

  34. Animal Communication • Many species communicate • From insects to apes • The communicative abilities of all species can only be understood as part of their behavioral adaptation to their niches • Thus no two species communicate in the same way • You may have seen a dog trying to sniff a cat´s rear end • And our language is unique to us.

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