World History 1500 to present

1. World History 1500 to present Unit 4 : Growth of Western Democracies, End of Old Empires, Causes and Effects of WWI SOLs: WHII 8 a-c; 9 a-c; 10a

3. Unit 3 Review before moving on…. • Industrialization • Need for natural resources • Need for new markets for industrially produced finished goods • Need to establish the most powerful empire • Need to embrace and justify IMPERIALISM

4. Imperialism • Justified as the “White Man’s Burden” (Rudyard Kipling) • Idea that technologically advanced Europeans were morally and socially superior to natives of Asia, Africa, and the Americas • Colonies, Protectorates, and Spheres of Influence

5. Africa falls to Imperialism

7. Berlin Conference: 1884-1885

11. CHINA: Dynasty Song?! • Confucian values and traditional beliefs • External pressures from the Western powers • Internal pressures • Corruption and incompetence • Peasant unrest • Increased population growth and decreased food production (famine and death)

12. China: Taiping Rebellion (late 1830s to 1850s) • Taiping Rebellion: led by Christian convert who thought he was Jesus’ little brother • Means “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” • 14 year civil war with 20 million killed • Foreign powers came together to crush it

13. CHINA: Opium War 1839-1842 • Economics of trade balance • Britain spent too much silver on Chinese imports • British East India Co. sold Opium to Chinese • Chinese lost the war and Hong Kong

14. CHINA: under Western spheres of influence • Extraterritoriality: Europeans living in China did not have to live by Chinese laws, but by their own nation’s laws • USA’s “Open Door Policy”declares equal access to China to all European nations…(AND the USA!)

17. CHINA: Boxer Rebellion (1900) • Shadow-boxing and the name “Society of the Harmonious Fists” • Another attempt to get foreigners OUT of China • Failed after allied foreign armies crushed them and demanded they pay for damages (!)

18. China: Moving into the Modern Age • Republic of China est. 1911 under Sun Yixian (aka Sun Yat-Sen) • Three Principles of the People: • NATIONALISM • SOCIALISM • DEMOCRACY “Father of Modern China”

19. Sun Yat-Sen’s 3 Principles • Nationalism: to unite the Chinese people against foreign influences and give them a Chinese “Identity” • Socialism: to lead to greater equality and opportunity • Democracy: to give the people the ability to make their own future

20. Sun-Yat Sen & Communists • Most of the intended reforms did not happen and a workable system did not emerge in “modern” China • By 1921, radical Chinese college students and faculty form The Chinese Communist Party • Communist International, formed in 1919, (Comintern) advised the new party to join Sun Yat-Sen’s Nationalist Party

21. Sun Yixian and Jiang Jieshi (aka Chiang Kai-Shek) • The Communist/Nationalist Alliance helped oppose Chinese warlords and drive out imperialist powers….3 years • Revolutionary army marches north to take control • Sun Yixian dies in 1925 and Jiang Jieshi becomes the head of the Nationalist Party

22. CHINESE NATIONALISTS (Nationalist Party) Sun Yat-Sen Chiang Kai-shek

23. “Communists are a disease of the heart” Chiang Kai-shek and his forces attacked the communists in Shanghai, killing thousands (Shanghai Massacre)

24. The Nationalist Party-Chinese Communist alliance was…..”over”

25. Chinese Communists • After the Shanghai Massacre they go into hiding • In the mountainous south, they find a strong leader in MAO ZEDONG • Mao sees the future of Communism not in the urban working poor but in the rural peasants

27. Chinese Nationalists vs Communists • By 1931, Nationalists drive most Communists from Shanghai • Mao’s Communists are smaller in number BUT…effective at guerilla tactics in battle • LONG MARCH 1935-1936: Mao’s communist forces marched 6,000 miles to the last base in the North

29. 90,000 troops marched North---only 9,000 made it

30. Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) tries to force China to reform • Use of dictatorial powers to prevent spread of communism • Land “reform” program • Small middle class in urban areas accepted some western practices: • material wealth • individual advancement • Peasants were 80% of Chinese population

31. Confucian Values and New China • Successes: roads, railways, education • Chiang Kai-shek wanted to combine the BEST Western innovations with traditional Chinese values (while rejecting excessive greed and individualism) • Hard-work • Obedience • Integrity

32. Major Problems for China • Japan was threatening to take over more of Northern China (Manchuria, 1931) • Great Depression was affecting the Chinese economy • Chiang Kai-Shek’s support base (landed gentry and urban middle class)..he did not want to lose their support • Did NOT attempt “redistribution of wealth” programs • Censorship and suppression of opposition alienated intellectuals and moderates

33. Nationalists & Communists:Part 2 • Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalists and Mao Zedong’s Communists put the civil war on hold in 1936 to work together against the JAPANESE • Japanese take capital of Nanjing • WW II ends in 1945 • 1946 Nationalists and Communists go back to full scale civil war

34. Communists eventually win China • Peasants love the idea of “free land” • Millions join the Communists • Nationalists flee to Island of Formosa (TAIWAN) • Mao Zedong takes over China and begins the Great Leap Forward (but China falls on its butt) • …Saga to be continued in Unit 5

35. JAPAN

36. Japan: a brief review • By 1000 AD the Imperial period was in decline and the feudal age on the rise • Certain families gained power and weakened the central power of the emperor • Emperor becomes more of a “ceremonial figure” than a real POWER

37. Social organization in Japan Shogun- appointed by emperor, military leader, most powerful person in Japan Daimyo (DIME-’yo)- landowners, loyal to the shogun, but powerful in their own right Samurai- warrior class that supported the daimyo and shogun militarily in return for land and supplies Peasants and Artisans: exchange services for protection Merchants: bottom of the social scale, but “rich”

39. Scholars were respected in China Buddhism and Confucian values focused on family and relationships China was easily invaded Warriors were respected in Japan Japanese were able to repel attacks by invaders & develop in isolation Fostered a militaristic attitude (Code of Bushido) China VS Japan

40. Japan: Between 1500 and 1800 • 3 Great Unifiers (Last was the powerful daimyo of Tokugawa Ieyasu) • Tokugawa shogunate takes over 1603 • “great peace” until 1868 • Europeans come in with clocks, tobacco, eyeglasses, Christianity (Jesuits destroyed shrines…not good PR move)

41. Japan: Between 1500 and 1800 • Japanese Christians were persecuted • European merchants were also forced out, only a small Dutch port was left in Nagasaki..one time every year, 2-3 months MAX • Daimyo “hostage system” of rule • Samurai lost “warrior” status and became managers of daimyo hans • Ronin were masterless samurai

42. Japan: Between 1500 and 1800 • Formal foreign relations until 1800 with only Korea, “The Hermit Kingdom” • Foreign trade ships were driven away from Japan • 4 US WARships under Commodore Matthew Perry • Perry brings a letter from President Millard Fillmore (sailors in cages, trade) • Perry comes back with bigger fleet • Treaty of Kanagawa signed

43. Treaty of Kanagawa: • Return shipwrecked sailors (free from cages) • Open 2 ports for US trade • Consulate established • Exchange foreign ministers

44. Japanese Resistance • Samurai classes strongly resisted • 1863, Satsuma and Choshu areas formed an alliance to force the shogun to end relations with the West • Western ships were stronger and revealed to the Japanese that they were militarily WEAK! • The Sat-Cho alliance attacked the shogun and forced the restoration of the emperor

45. Meiji Restoration • Sat-Cho leaders began a new policy to make Japan strong enough to resist Western imperialism • Young emperor was “Mutsuhito” who called the new era Meiji for “Enlightened Rule”

46. Western political style: a legislative assembly with imperial rule Liberals (want Parliament powerful and representative of people) and Progressives (power shared between legislative and executive**) emerge By 1890, the German model (attractive to Progressives) won Traditional and modern..same power people had power “Democratic in form, authoritarian in practice” Changes under Meiji rule in Japan

47. Japanese society under Meiji • Aristocratic privileges abolished • Women got jobs and education • More industrialization and shift to cities • LOTS of westernization (dancing, eating, playing games, clothing) • Exploitation of working classes • Demands for more political voice

49. Japan’s Imperial dreams…. • Need for colonies, just like the west • Ryukyu islands (had been under Chinese control) • Korean ports forced to open up • Manchurian city of Port Arthur and Taiwan • War with Russia over Korea, Japan wins (Peace negotiated by POTUS Teddy Roosevelt) • Japan becomes…”Significant” as a world power

50. Chilly relations with United States • USA wants more power in the Pacific and authority over Philippines • US restricts Japanese immigration • Racism and nativism in US, especially on West Coast