Motivation and Emotion

1. Motivation and Emotion Unit 4 Internal processes that: 1. 2. 3. G uide A ctivate S ustain

2. Motivation Physiological • Hunger • Sexual motivation Cognitive • Expectancy • Self-fulfillment

3. Motivation • Drive Theories • Drive Reduction: Process of reducing drives and needs as much as possible • Homeostasis: Maintenance of equilibrium • Incentive Theories: Stimuli that influence the individual toward certain actions • Intrinsic: Motivation that acts for it’s own sake • Extrinsic: Motivation involves reinforcements and punishments that accompany an act

4. Motivation • Types of Motivation: • Primary : Automatic built in process based on biological needs • Secondary: Develops as result of particular learning experiences because these secondary motivators have led to satisfaction of the primary motivations. • Similar to Operant Conditioning principles

5. The Hierarchy of Needs • Abraham Maslow stated that man is driven by his desire to fulfill basic needs. • Hierarchy of Needs was structured as a pyramid, with the most basic needs toward the bottom and moving up. • We must meet the needs of lower levels before we can move toward the top. • The ultimate goal: Self Actualization • The experiencing of a transcendent, complete self.

6. Hierarchy of Needs

8. Drive Theory • Biological needs arising within our bodies create unpleasant states of arousal • Hunger, thirst, fatigue, etc. • Homeostasis- balanced physiological state • Motivation is basically a process in which various biological needs PUSH us to actions

9. Drive Theory: An Overview

10. A closer look . . . at hunger • Influenced by • Blood sugar level • Glucose - a simple sugar • Dips in glucose levels lead to increases in hunger • Brain • The lateral hypothalamus ‘starts’ the feeling of hunger, the ventromedial hypothalamus ‘stops’ feelings of hunger • Hormones • Insulin - must be present to extract glucose from blood • Insulin stimulates the storage of food molecules as fat • Set point – the particular body weight that is easiest for an animal to maintain • Are relatively constant but can go up with prolonged over-eating (but does not tend to go down with prolonged under-eating)

11. Hunger • Physiological Mechanisms • Short Term Reduction • Glucose most abundant sugar in the body • Hormone insulin increases the flow of glucose and several other nutrients into the body cells • Long Term Hunger Regulation: • Long term correct short term • Correction mechanism involves hormone leptin produced in the body fat cells- When the body gains fat, leptin changes the activity in the hypothalamus leading to faster hunger satisfaction

12. A Closer Look . . . at hunger • If it were only that simple… • Environmental factors which influence hunger/eating • Learned preferences & habits • STRESS!! • External cues • It’s “dinnertime” • Dietary restraints • Problems with eating can result in all sorts of problems . . .

13. Problems With Eating • Obesity • More than 20% above norm for height/build-20 to 40 % above the average is mild obesity • 41% to 100% is moderate obesity • Basal metabolic rate • Rate at which body burns calories just to stay alive • Aerobic activity will increase basal metabolic rate

14. Problems With Eating • Anorexia Nervosa • Eating disorder marked by self-starvation • Body mass varies by greater than 10% of normal BMI • Bulimia • Eating disorder marked by binging & purging • BOTH caused by combo of brain & social malfunctioning • Body mass stays within 10% of normal • Body Dysmorphic Disorder • A psychological disorder causing the body to appear to differ from reality to the individual

15. The Physiology of Sex • In the 1960’s William Masters and Virginia Johnson set out to explore the physiology of sex. • 382 females and 312 males. • Only people who were willing to have sex and display orgasm in a lab environment. • Filmed more than 10,000 sex cycles.

16. Results of M & J Study The Sexual Response Cycle (Four Stages) • Excitement Phase • Plateau Phase • Orgasm • Resolution

17. Kinsey’s Studies • Confidential interviews with 18,000 people (in early 1950’s). • Most men and half of all women have premarital sex. • Almost all men and women masturbate. • Women who had orgasms while masturbating were more likely to report having orgasms after marriage. Good Start- but major problems with his study- sampling, questions etc….

18. States of Sexual Motivation • Gender Identity • Sexual Orientation

19. Arousal Theory • Optimization NOT Minimization • Arousal: Our general level of activation • May fluctuate • Biological influences?? • Sensation seekers • Yerkes-Dodson law

20. Yerkes-Dodson law • There is a relationship between, optimal performance and the level of arousal necessary.

21. Expectancy Theory • Behavior is determined by expectations (desirable outcomes). • Thoughts about future PULL your behavior. • Incentives determine the behaviors exhibited.

22. Achievement Motivation • Fear of Failure • Drive Theory • Expectancy Theory • Theories of Management: • Scientific-Management Approach aka Theory X • Human-Relations Approach aka Theory Y

23. Achievement Motivation • Individuals vary in their need for achievement • Extrinsic vs Intrinsic rewards • Accomplishing a goal for it’s own sake • Individuals with a high achievement motivation set goals that are high yet realistic • Individuals with a low achievement motivation often possess a tendency to move toward fear of failure –avoiding defeat rather than gaining victory • Research has shown that Men have a stronger need for achievement than woman

24. Goal-Setting • Wood & Locke(1990) • Specific • Challenging • Attainable • Feedback can improve performance. • Take life in strides…

25. Emotions Physiological responses Subjective feelings Expressive reactions

26. Emotional Behaviors • Emotional Intelligence • Perceive, imagine, and understand emotions and use that info to make decisions • Autonomic Nervous System • Internal organs • Sympathetic Nervous System • Fight and flight • Parasympathetic Nervous System • Non emergency actions • Decrease heart rate, promotes digestion

27. Theories of Emotion • James-Lange Theory:

28. Theories of Emotion • Cannon-Bard Theory:

29. Theories of Emotion • Schachter-Singer Theory:

30. Theories of Emotion .

31. Stress and Health • Behavioral medicine emphasizes the effects of diet, smoking, exercise, stressful experiences, and other behaviors on health. • Emotions and other experiences influence illness and pattern of recovery.

32. Stress and Health • Hans Selye (1979) defined stress as the non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it. • Threats on the body activate a general response to stress called the general adaptation syndrome.

33. Stress

34. Psychosomatic Illness • Psychosomatic Illness: Real illness influenced by a persons experiences • Personality Types: • Type A: Highly Completive, very impatient often in a hurry and frequently angry and hostile • Type B: More easy going, less hostile, less hurried

35. Psychosomatic Illness • Coping with Stress • Monitoring: Takes effective action to the stressful event • Blunting: Avoids the event or even thinking about it • Buffers for Stress • Autonomy • Control • Social Support • Self Efficacy • Relaxation Techniques • Exercise • Meditation • Active relaxation vs Passive relaxation

36. Psychosomatic Illness • Pain • Mixture of sensation and emotion • Different brain areas govern the sensory and emotional qualities • Telling people to expect pain or distracting them can lead to a change in emotional response without changing the sensation itself