The Protestant Reformation SSWH9:d-f.

1. The Protestant ReformationSSWH9:d-f.

2. Time and Geography See Notes for Videos

4. RELIGIOUS

5. Martin Luther and the Reformation • Reformation had roots in political, social developments as much as in religious disputes • Heretics had been driven underground or suppressed • German church was ready for reform • Luther opposed church sale of indulgences • His Ninety-five Theses objected to indulgences, doctrine of papal supremacy Martin Luther and his 95 Theses

6. Luther’s Beliefs • Justification by Faith – salvation could only be reached through faith, not works (as Catholicism taught) • Luther ordered to cease preaching; was excommunicated; and declared an outlaw • Sought protection in Saxony, encouraged to start a national church • Teachings spread rapidly due to his powerful message and the invention of the printing press Martin Luther

7. Calvin and Calvinism • He saw himself as a servant of an international God • Leading figure in Geneva • Believed papal church was hopeless, must be destroyed • Institutes of the Christian Religion • Most dramatic change was his doctrine of predestination John Calvin

8. Calvinism and Lutheranism Compared • Faith – Luther believed faith was the only prerequisite to heaven; Calvin demanded works as well, as sign of being one of the Elect • Clerical authority - Luther believed in definite hierarchy of authority within a state church; Calvin insisted on moral independence of church from state • Spread – Lutheranism in German-speaking countries; Calvinism became an international religion

9. Other Early Protestant Faiths • Anabaptists • Believed in adult baptism, sharing of worldly goods • Put down violently • Re-emerged much later as Amish, Mennonites • Zwingli • Similar to Lutheranism but couldn’t cooperate with Lutherans • Attacked; defeated by Catholics; set precedent for settling religious strife by bloody force Huldrych Zwingli

10. Church of England • Origins found in popular resentment against Rome • King Henry VIII’s marital problems caused rift • wanted a divorce, which pope would not grant • Henry issued Act of Supremacy of 1534, naming himself as head of the church in England King Henry VIII

11. Church of England • Growth of Protestantism until Queen Mary restored Catholicism • Elizabeth I created compromise, keeping Roman theology and doctrine, but leaving monarchy as head of the church • Some Calvinists were not happy with compromise, called themselves Puritans Queen Elizabeth I

12. RELIGIOUS WARS AND THEIR OUTCOMES TO 1600 Counter-Reformation • Pope Paul III moved to counter some of the problems • Council of Trent examined doctrines, goals; defined what Catholics believed • There was not a clear division between Catholic and Protestant • Jesuit Order organized to win back believers • Inquisition and Index of Forbidden Books used to be sure nobody deviated from established doctrine – expanded Church’s power of censorship

15. Nations and Religions • Peace of Augsburg divided Germany into Lutheran and Catholic sections • England – special form of Protestantism • Scandinavia – Lutheran • Austria, Poland, Hungary – Catholic • Spain, Italy – Catholic • Russia, southeastern Europe – unaffected by Reformation

16. France and the Netherlands • France • Royalty remained Catholic, large Calvinist minority among nobles, urban population • Henry IV – Calvinist king who became Catholic • Edict of Nantes – gave Protestant Huguenots freedom to worship, hold office • Spanish Netherlands • Ruled by Phillip II of Spain • Hotbed of Lutheran and Calvinist followers • Rebellion aided by English • Spanish Armada sent to invade England • its defeat was victory for Protestantism, loss of power for Spain

17. Legacy of the Reformation Religious uniformity was irrevocably shattered • Higher literacy and start of mass education • Emphasis on individual moral responsibility • Closer identification of clergy with people they served • Increase in conflicts and intolerance

18. REVIEW

19. Discussion Questions • The term “Reformation” comes from the root word “reform.” When looking at the tremendous changes which occurred during the Protestant Reformation, why do we not describe it as a revolution rather than as reform? What is the difference between these two terms? 2. During the Protestant Reformation, western Christianity split into Protestant and Catholic, and the Protestant church then began to splinter into many different groups, a process which continues today. Yet, Catholicism did not splinter, remaining one church to this day. Why? What differences between these two religious groups can help to explain such different behavior and results?