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The Protestant Reformation

Comunicación y Gerencia. The Protestant Reformation. Protestant Reformation. Origins of the Reformation. Began in Germany because it lacked a strong central government

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The Protestant Reformation

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  1. Comunicación y Gerencia The Protestant Reformation

  2. Protestant Reformation

  3. Origins of the Reformation • Began in Germany because it lacked a strong central government • Germany formed core of Holy Roman Empire (Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation), but empire included 365 independent states • Weak emperor could not control independent ideas about religion within the German states

  4. Martin Luther • German monk, started Reformation • Believed in Justification ByFaith: a person could be made just, or good, simply by faith in God's mercy and love

  5. Selling Indulgences • Pope Leo X sold church positions and indulgences • Indulgences- certificates issued by the Church that were said to reduce or evencancel punishment for a person's sin

  6. People purchased indulgences, believing it insured them a spot in heaven • John Tetzel, Church's agent for selling indulgences in N. Germany, promised peasants that indulgences would relieve them of guilt for future sins

  7. Could also buy indulgences for salvation of their dead relatives - "Once you hear the money's ring, the soul from purgatory is free to spring." • Purgatory- place in the afterlife where people are made fit for heaven

  8. Luther’s Protest • October 31, 1517: nailed on door of Wittenberg Church 95 Theses • Criticized sale of indulgences • Printed copies of Theses spread • Luther published essay advocating justification by faith

  9. Backlash! • 1521: Pope Excommunicates Luther • Diet of Worms (Germany) - tried to get Luther to take back criticisms • Luther refuses; condemned as a heretic • Went into hiding; translated Bible into German

  10. Lutheranism vs. Catholicism • Emphasized salvation by faith alone • Bible only source of religious truth • Church = communityof believers • All occupations were vocations in which people could serve God • Ministers - only administer baptism &communion • Stressed faith and good works in salvation • Church teachings important spiritual guide • Church = hierarchy • Priesthood only calling in which people could serve God • Priests - administer 7 sacraments

  11. The Spread of Protestantism

  12. Huldrych Zwingli • Swiss priest wanted to break completely with Catholic tradition • 1525 established aTHEOCRACY (church-run state) in Zurich • 1531 died in battle between Catholics & Protestants

  13. John Calvin • John Calvin: argued God determines fate of every person - PREDESTINATION • Those predestined (chosen beforehand) were called “the elect” • Calvin turned Geneva into model religious community (theocracy) “the City of God”

  14. Consistory (Church council) required citizens to attend services; inspected homes - earned title "City of God."

  15. John Knox • Leader of the Reformation in Scotland • Founds Presbyterianism based on Calvin’s teachings • Presbytery - group of decision makers of the church • “Priesthood of all believers”

  16. Anabaptists • Only baptizedadult members • Denied authority of local governments to direct their lives - said Christ was their only authority (separation of church and state) • 1534 - radical Anabaptists seizedpower in German city of Münster (burned books, took property) Lutherans & Catholics united to crush them

  17. Sketch of the 1535 execution of leaders of the sect in Münster, and photo of the church where their corpses were displayed. The cages still remain.

  18. Henry VIII • Henry wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon for not producing a male heir to the throne • Catholic Church forbade divorce - refused to dissolve Henry’s marriage

  19. Henry got mad, withdrew England from Catholic Church and created a new church (Act of Supremacy) • Parliament created Church of England (Anglican Church) with king as its head and got his Divorce • Main critic was Thomas More • Who remained catholic, was imprisoned and later executed for treason.

  20. Where we are now with the Reformation.

  21. THE SIX WIVES OF HENRY VIII

  22. Henry’s Girls • Catherine of Aragongave him a daughter Mary. Divorced , the pope would not allow a divorce because Catherine’s cousin was Holy Roman Emperor Charles V who protected the Pope and the Vatican. • Anne Boleyn gave birth to a daughter Elizabeth, she fell out of his Henry’s favor was tried for treason and beheaded.

  23. Jane Seymourcame next, she have Henry the son he sought, Edward. . . But she died two weeks after giving birth. • Henry married three more times but did not have any more children. • After his death each of his children ruled England.

  24. Edward VI • Became King in 1547, when he was 9 years old so he was guided by adult advisors who were strict protestants. • Edward ruled for 6 years until his death

  25. Mary • Mary came to power in 1553 and being a Catholic had the English church returned to the rule of the Pope, angering many protestants and putting many to death, acquiring the nickname… • Bloody Mary.

  26. Elizabeth • Elizabeth came to power in 1553, and saw the problems her brother and sister had in their rule. She brought Protestantism back to England and established the Anglican Church which combined both Protestant and Catholic values, Anglican Priests could marry and services were in English not Latin.

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