The Protestant Reformation

1. The Protestant Reformation Do you have any questions today about the movie? Western Religion? ANYTHING?

2. Homework • Watch The Other Boleyn Girl • Topics next week: King Henry VIII, English Reformation, The modern British monarchy • Read “The Monarchy” pages 38, 42 (Book 1) • Do your homework! In class you will be asked to write something 

3. Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation

4. Take Notes At the end of the year we will have an exam. Take notes about the important things we discuss!

5. To Begin… Describe the character of Martin Luther in the movie you saw. Describe the character of the Pope.

6. Martin Luther (1483-1546) • Began Protestant Reformation • Wrote the 95 Theses • Translated the Bible from Latin into German

7. Pope Leo X (1475-1521) Pope from 1513 until his death in 1521 Spent great sums of money on art and literature challenged Martin Luther’s criticism

8. Europe in the Middle Ages • The Middle Ages is a long period of time from the Fall of Rome (410 AD) to the Protestant Reformation (early 1500’s) • The Catholic Church is the most important cultural influence of this time. • Bishops were well educated and sent all over the land to gain power and influence in local governments

9. Inquisition • The Catholic Church holds an inquisition to fight and suppress heresy • Some people believed to be heretics were tortured and killed.

10. Heresy • Heresy is the rejection of one or more beliefs of a religion, or a loyalty to "other beliefs." • Christian heresy refers to unusual practices and beliefs which are heretical according to the Christian churches.” • (wikipedia)

11. Your thoughts and impressions • What do you think life was like in Europe during the Middle Ages?

12. Medieval Catholic Church • The Church was able to enforce rules and taboos by threatening people with eternal damnation (forever in Hell) for the bad and eternal happiness in Heaven for the good. • People lived in fear of being judged and sent to Hell for eternity

13. The Last Judgment by Hans Memling

14. Purgatory What is purgatory?

15. Purgatory • According to Catholic philosophy, there is a period of purification after a person dies and before they enter Heaven, this period of time is spent in a place known as purgatory. • Purgatory is a place to wash away the small sins from your life before you enter Heaven. Catholics pray for the souls of their loved ones in Purgatory

16. Indulgences • What is an indulgence? • Why did the church sell indulgences? • Why did indulgences make Martin Luther angry? • How did Martin Luther respond to the sale of indulgences? (What did he do?)

17. Indulgences • An indulgence is given by the pope, and it reduces the punishment for ones sins • A sin may be forgiven, but the sinner must still be punished. An indulgence can lessen the punishment. • Often, indulgences were sold to reduce the amount of time a person would have to spend in Purgatory.

18. “This is no ordinary indulgence, this will build Saint Peter’s Church!” The Church was in need of money to pay for the renovation of St Peter’s Church. The pope encouraged the sale of indulgences as a way to earn money.

19. St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

20. Inside St. Peter’s Basilica St. Peter’s is the largest Christian church in the world. The interior can hold up to 60,000 people. Some people believe it is the location of Saint Peter’s tomb.

21. Inside Saint Peter’s Basilica St. Peter’s is an important pilgrimage site for Christians, and it holds many famous artworks and Christian artifacts. The Pietà by Michelangelo Bernini’s baldicchino (pavilion)

22. Pietà (Michelangelo) • Pieta is a subject in Christian art that shows the Virgin Mary holding the dead body of Jesus. • It is also the only work he ever signed.

23. St.Peter’s Basilica Here you can see how big Bernini’s pavilion is next to the men

24. The Vatican in Rome This is a view of Saint Peter’s Square in the Vatican City

25. Michelangelo (continued) This is Michelangelo’s Last Judgment (Sistine Chapel in Vatican City)

26. 95 Theses • What are the 95 theses? • Why did Luther write the 95 theses?

27. 95 Theses • The 95 Theses mark the beginning of the Protestant Reformation • Primarily, the 95 Theses argue that the sale of indulgences is unacceptable. • The 95 Theses are translated into German and spread around the countryside, and Luther gains popularity among the masses. • Luther refuses to deny his writings and he is thrown out of the church, he must go into hiding for fear he will be killed. While he is hiding…

28. Latin

29. Peasant’s War (1524) • Apeasant Revolt that took place mostly in Germany. Many peasants claimed to be followers of Luther • About 300,000 peasants took part in the rebellion. 100,000 people were killed.

30. Luther’s reaction to the Peasant War • “Therefore let everyone who can, smite, slay, and stab, secretly or openly, remembering that nothing can be more poisonous, hurtful, or devilish than a rebel ... For baptism does not make men free in body and property, but in soul…” -Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants Luther encouraged the nobility use violence to stop the peasant revolt.

31. Why didn’t Luther support the peasants? • Christians should submit to their lawful government. • He wanted to begin a church, and he needed the support of the nobility • He believed that a good Church would need a stable and strong government • War, he believes, is necessary in politics, but Christ should not be brought into it

32. Translating the Bible from Latin to German • Why would the Roman church fear a Bible written in a common language? • Why would a German bible separate Germany from Rome? Luther’s Bible

33. Consequences • What were the consequences of Martin Luther’s rebellion?

35. The Movie • What are your thoughts on the movie? • Was the movie accurate or inaccurate? • Not biased or Biased? • Did you learn anything new? • Do you think the movie could have been improved in some way?

36. Religious Freedom? • Luther wrote harsh things about the Jews and believed that the Muslims were sent to punish Christians • He also wrote that Muslims and the Church in Rome were the anti-Christ (a being that will try to destroy the world and lead people into a life of sin)

37. Protestant vs. Catholic (today) • Catholics have a central authority in Rome, and the Pope interprets the Bible • Catholics have “communion” at every church service and believe in the “real presence” • Protestants can interpret the Bible individually. • Until the 1960’s all Catholic services were spoken in Latin

38. Protestants and Catholics • Both read the same Bible, though the Catholics include a few more “books” in their Bible. • Both believe that Jesus lived, died, and was brought back from the dead. • Both seek to act like Jesus • These days Catholics and Protestants usually get along

39. Communion (Eucharist)

41. Why? The Last Supper According to Christians, the night before Jesus was killed, he ate supper with his disciples (students) and Jesus said the bread and wine was his body and blood. He then said to eat the bread and the wine to remember him. Christians believe that Jesus meant he would sacrifice his body for the people, and they did not need to sacrifice animals anymore.

42. Children at First Communion

43. Lent! We are in the middle of a Christian holiday season! • This year, lent began February 17 and will continue for 46 days until Saturday, April 3. • Sunday April 4 will be Easter, which is the day to celebrate Jesus’ rebirth. • Lent is a serious time of fasting, praying, and simple living. • The day of Easter is meant to be a day of joy and celebration

44. During lent, some people act out Jesus’ death Lent is a sad time to remember the suffering of Jesus. And Easter is the day to celebrate his victory over suffering and death.

45. Easter! • In America, Easter eggs are a common tradition. And little children “hunt” for Easter eggs in the garden 

46. My niece hunting for eggs 

47. Very graceful ;)

48. Happy Easter!

49. 亨利八世的六个妻子 02