Exploring the Diencephalon and Cerebellum: Brain's Major Parts

1. 11.5 Other Major Parts of the Brain 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Sponge: Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 31 Topic: 11.5 Other Major Parts of the brain Essential Question: None Text: 407-410

2. Homework Clinical Application 11.4-5 • Read • HIGHLIGHT • Answer Questions

3. Objective SWU: the location and function of the diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum SW: Make a tree map on the parts of the brainstem + illustrations

4. Diencephalon • The Diencephalon is located between cerebral hemispheres and above the brainstem. • Largely composed of gray matter • Includes: • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Epithalamus • Pineal gland

5. Internal Structure of the brain Diencephalon

6. Diencephalon Thalamus Hypothalamus

7. Diencephalon • Thalamus:is thegateway for sensory impulses heading to cerebral cortex • Receives all sensory impulses (except smell) • Channels impulses to appropriate part of cerebral cortex for interpretation

8. Diencephalon • Hypothalamusmaintains homeostasis by regulating internal activities • Heart rate/ blood pressure • Body temp • Control of hunger/ bodyweight/ digestion • Pituitary gland/growth • Sleep/wakefulness • Links nervous and endocrine systems

9. Diencephalon Epithalamusis responsible for connecting the lymbic system to the rest of the brain • Regulates hormones secreted by the pineal gland • Secretes melatonin, the hormone responsible for sleepiness, to induce normal sleep cycles.

10. Diencephalon Video2m4s-3m50s

11. Structures in the region of the diencephalon are also important in controlling emotional responses: • Limbic System: Controls emotional experience and expression and can modify the way a person acts, producing feelings such asfear, anger, pleasure, and sorrow • Reacts to life-threatening upsets • Guides behavior that may increase the chance of survival • Interpret sensory impulses from the receptors associated with the sense of smell • Ex: the smell of baking cookies reminds you of your grandmother Olfactory bulb

12. Cerebellum • Cerebellum: • Integrates sensory information concerning position of body parts • Coordinates skeletal muscle activity • Maintains posture • Receives sensory impulses from receptors in muscles, tendons, joints, and the eyes and ears • Damage to the cerebellum may result in tremors, inaccurate movements, loss of muscle tone, loss of equilibrium

13. Cerebellum Video46s-2m41s • Video notes (5 bullets)

14. The Brainstem p. 30 Types of Sleep

15. Brain Stem

16. The Brainstem MidbrainPons Medulla Oblongata Pg. 30

17. The Brainstem Pg. 30 MidbrainPons Medulla Oblongata PICTURES of FUNCTIONS PICTURES of FUNCTIONS PICTURES of FUNCTIONS *At least 6 illustrations

18. Midbrain • Midbrain (mesencephalon): • Location- Between diencephalon and pons • Connects lower parts of brainstem/ spinal cord with higher part of brain • Contains reflex centers: • move the eyes to view something as the head turns • move head to hear sounds more distinctly • controls reflexes that maintain posture

19. Pons • Pons: • Location- Between medulla oblongata and midbrain • Relays nerve impulses to and from medulla oblongata and cerebrum • Helps regulate rate and depth of breathing

20. Medulla Oblongata • Medulla Oblongata: • Enlarged continuation of spinal cord • Conducts impulses between brain and spinal cord • Contains cardiac (heart rate), vasomotor (blood pressure), and respiratory control centers (rate, rhythm, and depth of breathing) • Contains various non-vital reflex control centers (coughing, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting) • INJURIES HERE ARE OFTEN FATAL

21. Reticular Formation • Reticular Formation: Complex network of nerve fibers scattered throughout the brain stem • Arouses cerebral cortex into state of wakefulness • without this stimulation, the cortex remains unaware of stimulation • Decreased activity leads to sleep!

22. Types of sleep • Slow Wave • Non-REM sleep • Restful • Dreamless • Reduced blood pressure and respiratory rate • Ranges from light to heavy • Alternates with REM sleep • Rapid Eye Movement (REM) • “Paradoxical” (unusual) sleep • Some areas of brain active • Heart and respiratory rates irregular • Dreaming occurs • Certain drugs (MJ/alcohol) may interfere with REM

23. Brain waves

24. Sleep cycles last approx. 90mins • About 5 in an 8 hr. sleep

25. Crash Course: Know Your Brain4m55-8m33 • 10 bullets https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHrmiy4W9C0

26. Taping Time 16: Meninges ½ sheet/ Meningitis case study/ Curious Case of Phineas Gage 18: Ventricles and CSF 20: Reflex Arc ½ sheet/ Lab 26 22: Clinical Apps 11.2-3/ Lab 27 24: Brain Pic Bubb-Map 26: Functions of the cerebral lobes / Clinical App11.4-5 28: Hemispheres of Brain ½ sheet

27. 11.5 Reticular Formation and Sleep 2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules Sponge: Set up Cornell Notes on pg. Topic: 11.5 Reticular Formation and Sleep Essential Question: Text: 407-410 HAD TO CUT FOR TIME 2017

28. Reticular Formation • Reticular Formation: Complex network of nerve fibers scattered throughout the brain stem • Arouses cerebral cortex into state of wakefulness • without this stimulation, the cortex remains unaware of stimulation • Decreased activity leads to sleep!

29. Types of sleep • Slow Wave • Non-REM sleep • Restful • Dreamless • Reduced blood pressure and respiratory rate • Ranges from light to heavy • Alternates with REM sleep • Rapid Eye Movement (REM) • “Paradoxical” (unusual) sleep • Some areas of brain active • Heart and respiratory rates irregular • Dreaming occurs • Certain drugs (MJ/alcohol) may interfere with REM

30. Sleep Disorders P.28 Crash Course: Sleep and Dreams: (10 bullets) Sleep paralysis: (5 bullets)

31. Brain waves

32. Sleep cycles last approx. 90mins • About 5 in an 8 hr. sleep

33. Sleep Disorders Bottom of 32 What are some sleep disorders you may have heard of? Sleep Apnea Sleep Walking Narcolepsy Insomnia Night Terrors Sleep Talking

34. Insomnia: Inability to fall or remain asleep (10% of population) Narcolepsy: Abnormal REM sleep causes EXTREME daytime sleepiness (.02-.06% of population) Sleep Apnea: Upper airway collapses repeatedly during sleep, blocking breathing. Snoring and daytime sleepiness

35. Parasomnias Parasomnias: Parasomnias are disruptive sleep disorders that can occur during arousals from REM sleep or partial arousals from non-REM sleep. What is it? When does it occur? • Nightmares • Night terrors • Sleep walking • Sleep talking • Restless leg syndrome • Sleep bruxism (grinding teeth) • Sleep enuresis (bed wetting) • Sleep paralysis

36. Nightmares v. Night Terrors A night terror is a partial waking from sleep with behaviors such as screaming, kicking, panic, sleep walking, thrashing, or mumbling. They are harmless and each episode will end in deep sleep. The following are common characteristics of a night terror: • Your child is frightened but cannot be awakened or comforted. • Your child's eyes are wide open but he or she does not know that you are there. • The episode lasts from 10 to 30 minutes. • Your child often does not remember the episode in the morning.

37. Nightmares v. Night Terrors How to help a child during a night terrors: • Try to help your child return to normal sleep.  • Do not try to awaken your child. • Make soothing comments. • Hold your child if it seems to help him or her feel better. Shaking or shouting at your child may cause the child to become more upset. • Protect your child against injury. During a night terror, a child can fall down a stairway, run into a wall, or break a window. Try to gently direct your child back to bed. • Try to prevent night terrors. A night terror can be triggered if your child becomes overly-tired. Be sure your child goes to bed at a regular time, and early enough to give him or her enough sleep. Younger children may need to return to a daily nap.

38. Nightmares v. Night Terrors • Nightmares are scary dreams that awaken children and make them afraid to go back to sleep. • May happen for no known reason • Sometimes occur when your child has seen or heard things that upset him or her. • These can be things that actually happen or are make-believe. Nightmares often relate to developmental stages of a child: toddlers may dream about separation from their parents; preschoolers may dream about monsters or the dark; school-aged children may dream about death or real dangers.

39. Crash Course: Sleep and Dreams9m40s • 10 bullets https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rMHus-0wFSo

40. Sleep paralysis: Inability to move for up to a few minutes after awakening or when falling asleep • Sleep paralysis is a feeling of being conscious but unable to move • It occurs when a person passes between stages of wakefulness and sleep • During these transitions, you may be unable to move or speak for a few seconds up to a few minutes. • Some people may also feel pressure or a sense of choking. • Sleep paralysis usually occurs at one of two times. If it occurs while you are falling asleep, it's called predormital sleep paralysis. If it happens as you are waking up, it's called postdormital sleep paralysis. • Many people that experience sleep paralysis are struck with a deep sense of terror, because they sense a menacing presence in the room while paralyzed—sometimes referred to as the intruder.

42. “The Entity”-Sleep Paralysis12m7s-14m52s(If time 0-14m52) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmbpOucNVn4

43. The Jawbone Up, monitors the wearer's micro movements while they are asleep, to determine whether they are awake, in light sleep or in deep sleep. This information, together with data on the wearer's movement and eating habits, can then inform the wearer's health and fitness regime.

44. Major Parts of the Brain

45. A Closer Look at the Brain Video (5m23s)