Welcome!

1. Welcome! • Seminar – Monday 6:00 EST HS305-02 Seminar Unit 7 Prof. Jocelyn Ramos

2. HS305 Research Methods for Health Sciences Audio Seminar! Please be sure your speakers are on! Slide presentation by Ellen Weston with modifications

3. Agenda Review of unit 6 project Preview of unit 8 project Key Terms Analyzing a population

4. Unit 6 Project: Questionnaire • Two Parts • Cover letter and questionnaire • Discussion of data collection method • You might want to try Survey Monkey: http://www.surveymonkey.com/?cmpid=us:ps:yahoo • Free and fun to use!

5. Unit 6 Questionnaire Cover letter • Write for expected participants • Be clear and to the point • Identify purpose of questionnaire to • Enhance likelihood of completion • Add to the credibility of the project • Be concise. You want them to move on to complete the questionnaire!

6. Unit 6 QuestionnaireSurvey section • Appropriate for ethnology research • 10-15 questions (no more) including: • 2 fixed alternative questions with only 2 potential answers • 5 fixed alternative questions with 4-5 potential answers • 1 open-ended question • Other questions for a minimum of 10 questions; maximum of 15 questions

7. Basic Principles of Writing Survey Questions • Avoid confusing phrasing & jargon • Use correct grammar and spelling • Be concise, but clear. Use shorter rather than longer words & sentences • Relate questions to the purpose of the questionnaire See Research Process PowerPoint Step 4c Research Methods – Questionnaires for many hints!

8. Types of Questions Allow respondent to fill in own answer May ask for specific information or May ask for narrative response Respondent says/writes whatever he/she wants Respondent chooses from list of possible responses May also be called Fixed choice questions Forced choice questions Open-Ended Fixed Alternative

9. Examples of Types of Questions What is your annual income? Check appropriate box: no income Less than $5000 $5001 - $20,000 More than $20,000 Open-Ended Fixed Alternative

10. Must have mutually exclusive and exhaustive response categories Exhaustive=all possible choices included Exclusive=only one possible response Fixed Alternative Questions

11. Unit 6 Questionnaire Part 2 Analyze how you would conduct your survey Approximately 1 page + title page and a reference page Use Standard English Use APA format with citations and references

12. Methods to conduct a Questionnaire • Telephone • Internet • Mail • Self administered question given in a group of people • Face to face Interview More information in Research Process Step 4c Research Methods – Questionnaires!

13. Professional Writing • Write clear & concise answers • Check spelling & grammar • Avoid “you” & “we.” Use third person • Organize you paper well • Use APA formatted title page, citations & a reference list • Analysis is important!

14. Key Terms • Descriptive Research Designs • Correlational designs • Observation Studies • Developmental Designs • Sampling • Population • Sample

15. Unit 8 Paper Critical Analysis of the Research Designs in a Peer-Reviewed Article • Introduction • Research Design • Ethical Standards • Conclusion

16. Unit 8 Paper: Introduction • Why did you choose the article? • Problem statement for the research. Summarize; DO NOT quote! • Discuss if the article • Gave a clear picture to help you understand the research problem • Clearly discussed why the problem merited an in-depth investigation Remember always provide your analysis as well as your opinions!

17. Unit 8 Paper: Research Design Section (1) Discuss the designs used. Use the categories in our text, i.e., qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods. Define your terms! Analyze effectiveness of the design for indentifying trends in Health Science

18. Unit 8 Paper: Research Design Section (1) Identify and analyzeanother design that might have been used.

19. Unit 8 Paper: Research Design Section (2) For analysis of designs, discuss • Strengths • Weaknesses • Challenges for implementing the designs to research the problem that is the focus of the article

20. Unit 8 Paper Ethical Standards Section Were ethical challenges considered in the article? How were ethical standards upheld in the research? Were any standards ignored that might have resulted in harm to participants?

21. Ethical principles for Research with Human Participants

22. Ethical Principles for Research with Human Participants Protection from harm Informed consent Right to privacy; confidentiality Honesty with Professional Colleagues

23. Unit 8 Paper: Conclusions Briefly identify the solutions to the research problem suggested by this research

24. Project Requirements • Be thorough • Summarize, do not copy • Review grading rubric in weekly announcement before submitting • Ask questions if needed!

25. Writing Requirements Organize your paper well Be clear and concise Check spelling and grammar Use APA formatting NEVER plagiarize!

26. Professional Writing • Write clear & concise answers • Check spelling & grammar • Avoid “you” & “we.” Use third person • Organize you paper well • Use APA formatted title page, citations & a reference list • Analysis is important!

27. Analysis • Define & briefly discuss concepts, e.g. define the type of design(s) used • Justify choice by explaining your reasons for your conclusions and opinions • Relate what was done in the study to the description of the type of design • Identify gaps if any in research or article

28. Scientific Research Process Step 4b. Create a Sampling Plan Sampling: identifying a population (the elements with the information about the topic) and a workable subset of the population • Probability techniques • Non-probability techniques

29. Sampling Key Terms Population

30. Sampling Key Terms Population – the total set of individuals, objects or events to be studied Sample

31. Sampling Key Terms Population – the total set of individuals, objects or events to be studied Sample – a subset of the population Element

32. Sampling Key Terms Population – the total set of individuals, objects or events to be studied Sample – a subset of the population Element – a single component of the population Sampling

33. Sampling Key Terms Population – the total set of individuals, objects or events to be studied Sample – a subset of the population Element – a single component of the population Sampling – means of selecting the subset of the population

34. POPULATION SAMPLE 5 ELEMENTS

35. Choosing Sampling Technique • Purpose – MOST important factor • Scope of study • Large study – Probability sampling preferred if “doable” • Small study- depends on other factors • Cost. Convenience • Population characteristics: • Extremely important: Is there a list of everyone in the population? • Must have a list to do probability sampling

36. Population to be Sampled Group of elements from which sample is drawn that have the information that is the focus of the research Specific and often narrowed to a area (eg. State) and/or specific group (e.g. patients seen at a clinic)

37. Sampling Categories

38. Sampling Categories • Probability • Non-Probability Remember there is a PowerPoint on sampling in the Research Process PowerPoint section of doc sharing with additional information

39. Probability Sampling Relies on random selection; chance Mathematical formula can identify the likelihood that a specific element would be selected Formula can estimate how much the sample will differ from the population

40. Probability Sampling Types • Simple random – like picking names from a hat • Systematic random – every nth element from a list • Cluster – mainly used with geographic areas • Stratified (i.e. layers) random – list grouped by specific criteria before sampling from each group (e.g. gender, country of origin)

41. Population Analysis Using analysis checklist on Extra! Extra! link, Dr. Know found • Population was not homogeneous. Patients were from many countries • Numbers of people from different regions varied considerably • Make up of each group varied in terms of the family size and configuration of generations

42. What Sampling Technique would you Suggest? Refer to p. 212 Table 9.3. Assume: Population is NOT homogeneous [many immigrant groups], has many layers (strata) [i.e., immigrant groups] that differ in composition and size [multi-generational and/or various family size], but live in a small geographic area • Simple random – like picking names from a hat • Systematic random – every nth element from a list • Cluster – mainly used with geographic areas • Stratified random – list grouped by specific criteria before sampling from each group

43. Probability Sampling for Dr. Know’s study- a suggestion • Stratified random sampling. Strata = immigrants. A random sample would be taken from each immigrant group separately. • Proportional to the % that group represents in the whole clinic population

44. Is Probability the Best Sampling Method to choose? Small strata from each country make it difficult to get enough information Those chosen may refuse to participate Solution: Use Non-probability sampling

45. Non-Probability Sampling

46. Non-Probability Sampling Probability of an element being chosen cannot be determined Often used in social science research Population list is usually not known

47. Non-Probability Types Availability Sampling Quota Sampling Purposive or Judgment Sampling Snowball Sampling Remember to review PowerPoint on sampling!

48. Non- Probability Sampling for Dr. Know’s study-a suggestion • Snowball sampling • A small group is likely to volunteer • They let others know it is a good idea and safe to volunteer as well

49. Plan the Sampling & Data collection process carefully! Plan process step by step before beginning any observation! What are some steps you need to consider?

50. Safeguards can be used to prevent Bias • Need to identify countries of origin of all eligible in population. • Compute % by country • Compare % in sample with % in population • Learn about culture!