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SOL Review

Earth Science. SOL Review. SOL ES 1. Density Relationship between mass and volume D = m/v Density is always given as g/ml or g/cm 3 Mass can be determined by using a scale or triple beam balance Volume is determined by using a graduated cylinder. Temperature decreases with depth.

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SOL Review

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  1. Earth Science SOL Review

  2. SOL ES 1 • Density • Relationship between mass and volume • D = m/v • Density is always given as g/ml or g/cm3 • Mass can be determined by using a scale or triple beam balance • Volume is determined by using a graduated cylinder

  3. Temperature decreases with depth Density increases with depth Salinity increases with depth Pressure also increases with depth

  4. Atmosphere Temperature and Pressure

  5. The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere and is where all weather occurs • The stratosphere is the second layer of the atmosphere. This layer contains the ozone which is responsible for blocking some forms of UV radiation from reaching the earth.

  6. Topographic Maps

  7. Topographic Maps • Measure changes in elevation • A profile is a side view of an elevation • When contour lines are close together, the area is steep. • Contour lines always point upstream (opposite of flow) • Depressions or holes are identified by lines within a circle • Valleys will have contour lines very spread apart

  8. 7.5 Quadrant (Minute) Topographic map

  9. Latitude Longitude N and S of Equator E and W of the Prime Meridian

  10. SOL ES 2 • Scientific Method • Scientists use observations of phenomena to make predictions of future events and explain what has happened in the past • Hypothesis • Tentative explanation • Only hypotheses that are testable are valid • Theories offer explanations for observed patterns in nature • Laws describe patterns and relationships in nature and are based on data that has been observed

  11. Observations are made using the senses • Inferences are not based on observations. They are conclusions made on data that is known to be true • Variables • Independent • Variable changed in an experiment • Should only be one • Dependent • Variable measured in an experiment

  12. Scientific Laws and Theories • Plate tectonics • Convergent, divergent, transform • Superposition • Youngest on top, oldest on bottom • Uniformitarianism • Processes today are same as in the past • Original horizontality • All rock layers are originally laid down horizontally • Cross cutting • An intrusion or fault is younger than the rock it cuts through

  13. Continental drift • Matching fossils, rock types, mountain ranges, and changes in climate • Seafloor spreading • Divergent boundary on ocean floor was the mechanism for movement of continents • Big bang theory • Formation of the universe • Solar nebula theory • Formation of the solar system • Sun formed first • Solid inner planets – able to withstand heat, more dense material, settle out first • Gaseous outer planets – moved to distant parts of the solar system due to solar wind • Formation of the moon • Asteroid impact with earth

  14. SOL ES 3 • Earth • Third planet from the sun • Solid inner planet • Consists of layers • Crust – lithosphere (oceanic and continental crust) • Mantle – asthenosphere • Outer core and inner core • One satellite – the moon • Water occurs in three forms due to position in solar system • Solid, liquid, and gas • Only planet to support life as we know it due to oxygen in the atmosphere and liquid water

  15. Earth along with the other planets revolves around the sun in paths called ellipses • The earth’s axis is tilted. This tilt is responsible for the amount of solar energy reaching the earth’s surface and the seasons • The rotation of the earth on it’s axis causes days and nights • The tilt of earth’s axis is responsible for duration of days and nights

  16. The moon revolves around the earth causing moon phases and eclipses • The tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun • There are 2 types of tides: spring and neap

  17. Full moon phase New moon phase

  18. Parts of an eclipse • Umbra • Dark part of the moons shadow • Complete eclipse • Penumbra • Light part of the moons shadow • Partial eclipse

  19. New and Full moons 1st and 3rd Quarter moons

  20. Sun • The sun is a main sequence star • Consists mostly of hydrogen • Energy is produced by nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium

  21. The Planets • Inner • terrestrial • Smaller • Solid • Higher densities • Thinner atmospheres • Mercury – none • Venus – thick, CO2 • Earth – nitrogen, oxygen, argon • Mars – Thin, CO2 • Faster orbital periods • Slower periods of rotation • Few natural satellites • Outer • Jovian • Larger • Gas giants possibly with solid cores • Lower densities • Thicker atmospheres • Hydrogen, helium, methane, ammonia • Slower orbital periods • Faster periods of rotation • Many natural satellites

  22. Mercury • Smallest planet • Fastest orbital velocity • No atmosphere • Greatest temperature extremes • No moons • Venus • Earth’s twin or sister planet • Very hot temperatures due to thick atmosphere of CO2 which causes run away greenhouse effect • Evidence of volcanism and tectonic activity • Opposite rotation • No moons

  23. Mars • The red planet due to iron oxide which causes rust • Evidence that there was once liquid water at the surface. The only water found now is either below the surface or in polar ice caps • Very thin atmosphere of CO2 causing it to be very cold • Hurricane force winds and extensive dust storms • Many volcanoes including olympusmons which is the largest volcano in the solar system • Half the size of earth • 2 moons

  24. Jupiter • Largest planet • Contains the red spot which is believed to be a giant hurricane • Banded appearance is due to layering of the atmosphere from convection and high rotational speed • Fastest rotation of all planets • Greatest number of moons (63) • One of the moons, Io, is volcanically active caused by gravitational pull of Jupiter and moons

  25. Saturn • System of rings made up of ice and rock • Least dense planet (less dense than water) • Second greatest number of moons • Titan, the largest moon, is believed to be the only body other than earth to have liquid at the surface and nitrogen in the atmosphere • 62 moons

  26. Uranus • Axis of rotation lies parallel to its orbit causing it to appear like it is on it’s side • 27 moons • Neptune • One of the windiest places in the solar system • Has the great dark spot which is believed to be a giant storm • 13 moons • The moon triton is the coldest body in the solar system

  27. Pluto • Called a dwarf planet because it only meets 2 of the 3 criteria of planets • orbits the sun – yes • Mass for gravity to produce round shape – yes • Gravity to clear neighborhood – no • Very elliptical orbit • Largest moon is Charon • Part of the Kuiper belt

  28. Asteroids • Large objects found in asteroid belt which is between Mars and Jupiter • Believed to be fragments of preexisting planets or large bodies that never became planets • Comets • Rocky and metallic core called the coma held together by ice, ammonia, methane, CO2 and CO • Orbit the sun in very long ellipses • The tail always points away from the sun due to solar winds • Produced in Oort clouds and Kuiper belt

  29. Meteoroids • Remains of a comet believed to form when the earth passes through the tail of a comet • Meteoroids are small solid particles in space • Meteor are meteoroids that burn up in our atmosphere • Meteorites are solid particles that come in contact with earth

  30. The moon • Craters of the moon were caused by meteoroid impact • No erosion due to no winds or rains • Dark regions are called maria which is composed of basaltic lava • Light colored regions are called highlands • Covered with regolith which is composed of rock fragments. Similar to the surface of earth • The moon formed when an asteroid sized object struck the earth. The ejected debris entered an orbit around earth and combined. This is called the impact hypothesis.

  31. SOL ES 4 • All rocks are composed of minerals • Minerals • Naturally occurring • Inorganic • Solid • Definite chemical composition and structure • The major elements in earth’s crust are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, and iron • These elements are rarely found in the native state because they undergo oxidation very easily

  32. Most Abundant Elements in Earth’s Crust

  33. The most abundant group of minerals on earth are the silicates • Most common silicates are quartz (glass) and feldspar (clay) • The carbonates (CO3) • Most common carbonates are calcite and dolomite (cement and building materials) • Easily weathered chemically • The oxide group is composed minerals that contain oxygen and a metal • Hematite and magnetite (iron ores)

  34. The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is the basic structure for all silicate minerals. The silicates are the most common minerals on earth’s surface.

  35. Some of the most important metallic minerals are produced by igneous processes (cooling of magma) • Most of the nonmetallic minerals form through metamorphic processes (heat and pressure)

  36. Major rock forming minerals • quartz • Feldspar • Calcite • Mica • Physical properties of minerals • Hardness • Color • Luster • Streak • Cleavage and fracture

  37. Special features of Minerals • Magnetism – magnetite • Specific gravity – ratio of the density of mineral to the density of water • Fluorescence – glowing under a blacklight (fluorite and calcite) • Radioactivity – minerals that contain uranium • Double refraction – bending of light (some forms of calcium) • Acid reaction – calcite and dolomite • Malleability – able to be hammered into objects (gold, copper, and silver)

  38. Major Rock Forming Minerals

  39. The concentration of many ore minerals is small in the earth’s crust • Ore minerals • Pyrite (fools gold) (iron) • Magnetite and hematite (iron) • Galena (lead) • Graphite (carbon) • Sulfur • Calcopyrite (copper) • Sphalerite (zinc)

  40. Mineral uses • Apatite – phosphorus fertilizers • Calcite – cement and building stone • Kaolinite – ceramics and bricks • Corundum, diamond, garnet – gemstones, valued because they are rare, beautiful or brilliant, and extremely hard • Fluorite – steel • Graphite – pencil lead • Gypsum – plaster and wallboard

  41. Halite – table salt • Muscovite – electronics insulator • Quartz – glass • Sulfur – chemicals • Sylvite – potassium fertilizers • Talc – powder used in paint and cosmetics

  42. SOL ES 5 • Rocks are identified based on mineral content and texture • The rock cycle is the process that shows how one type of rock can be changed into another type

  43. Igneous Rock • Form by cooling (crystallization) of magma (melted, molten material) • Extrusive • Small crystals because they cool quickly at the surface • Fine grained or glassy texture • Rhyolite, andesite, basalt, obsidian, pumice • Intrusive • Large crystals because they cool slowly beneath the surface • Coarse grained • Granite, diorite, gabbro

  44. Igneous rock can also be classified by composition • Granitic – light in color (granite, rhyolite, obsidian, and pumice) • Andesitic – mixture of light and dark color (diorite and andesite) • Basaltic – dark in color (gabbro and basalt)

  45. Sedimentary rock • Formed by compaction and cementation of weathered material • The following terms are always associated with sedimentary rock: • Weathered • Eroded • Compacted • Cemented • Lithification • Deposited

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