7 Th Grade Review

1. 7Th Grade Review

2. Interpreting a Map

3. The First Americans • The first people to live in the Americas came from Asiaacross the Beringia Land Bridge that once joined Alaska and Asia. • Natives Americans developed different cultures based on their environment

4. The Rise of Native American Civilizations • Maya-> earliest N.A. civilization; located in southern Mexico; made discoveries in science, astronomy, and mathematics • Aztecs-> located in central Mexico; built stoneworks, pyramids, and temples • Incas-> located along the Andes Mountains in South America; formed a large empire with extensive roads to connect their territories

5. The Iroquois • The earliest Native American Indians in New York were the Algonquians. • Iroquois tribes, also known as the (people of the longhouse), later settled in northwestern New York. • Lifestyles: • Algonquians lived in wigwams (round houses) • Iroquois lived in longhouses (rectangular shelters) • The Iroquois Confederacy • Political union between the six Iroquois tribes. • The Confederacy had a Constitution

6. Christopher Columbus(1451-1506) • Set sail in 1492, hoping to reach China and the Spice Islands (Asia). • He landed in the West Indies, where he later established Spain’s first settlement in the New World. • The Columbian Exchange • A transfer of people, products, and ideas between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

7. European Colonial Empires • Spain, France, Holland, and England sent its explorers to claim lands in the Americas and find a Northwest Passage. • Explorers sought GOLD, GOD, and GLORY • England: • Jamestown, Virginia (1607)-> 1st English colony (tobacco) • - House of Burgesses: representative government in VA • Mayflower Compact (1620)-> Pilgrims (government) • 13 colonies (1730s)-> economy based on mercantilism, enjoyed the same rights as people living in England.

8. 13 Colonies • New England: • Less fertile and colder than the other colonies. • Occupations: sailors, merchants, or fishermen. • Triangular Trade- trading rum for African slaves and slaves for Caribbean molasses. • The Middle Colonies: • Un-cleared forests and fertile soils helped to draw many settlers to this area. • People were attracted to these colonies by the atmosphere of religious freedom. • The Southern Colonies: • The soil was well suited to growing crops. • Plantations (slave labor) • Grew tobacco, cotton, rice, and indigo

9. The French and Indian War 1754-1763 • French and Indian War • War between Britain and France finally broke out in 1754. • Albany Plan of Union • (Benjamin Franklin) proposed plan for a central colonial government that would share power with the separate colonies. • A British force captured Quebec in 1759, giving Britain control of the St. Lawrence River. • Treaty of Paris (1763)-> France lost much of its colonial empire in North America.

10. Roots of the American Revolution • The Proclamation Line of 1763: • Set up to prevent further Native American Indian attacks on colonists. • Many colonists resented the imposed restrictions. • British government proposed new taxes on the colonists to help pay off debts from the French and Indian War. • Colonists protested, “No taxation without representation” (tyranny). • Stamp Act • Colonists boycotted British goods. • Boston Tea Party-> greatly increased tensions between colonists and Great Britain.

11. The Revolution Begins • The First Continental Congress • Representatives from the colonies met in Philadelphia to discuss common concerns. • Attendees decided to continue protesting British taxes. • American Revolutionary War • In 1775, open warfare broke out between British soldiers and colonists at Lexington and Concord (Mass.)

12. The Declaration of Independence • Loyalists-> wanted to remain under British rule. • Patriots-> wanted independence. • The Second Continental Congress • Met in Philadelphia (1776) • Delegates decided to declare American independence from Britain. • Thomas Jefferson led a committee to write the Declaration of Independence. • July 4, 1776. • Its primary purpose was to explain the reasons why the colonists should be independent from Great Britain. • Influenced by English thinkers like John Locke • Jefferson believed that government was a “social contract,” and citizens had a right to overthrow an oppressive government.

13. The Battle for Independence • In the first years of the war, the colonial army barely managed to escape from one disaster after another. • General George Washington • Turning Point: Victory at Saratoga • Disrupted the British “Divide and Conquer” Attack on NY • Convinced France to support military assistance to the Americans. • The British Surrender: Battle of Yorktown (Va.) • Treaty of Paris (1783): British recognize American independence and gave the lands between the Mississippi River and the Atlantic coast from the Great Lakes to Florida, to the new United States. • The Collapse of the Iroquois Confederacy: Why? They sided with the British.

14. What is Government? • An organization set up to protect the community. • Members of the community are known as citizens. • They have the responsibilities as well as rights in a well-governed society

15. The Articles of Confederation • Government of the 13 American States from 1781-1789 • Under the Articles of Confederation, most government powers were left to the states. This system of government proved too weak to handle the problems facing the nation.

16. The Powers of Government • Legislative power-> make laws • Executive power-> carry out laws • Judicial power-> interpret the laws

17. The nation gets a new constitution • In 1787, representatives from the states met in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. • The representatives quickly decided that a new national constitution was needed. • They agreed that the new national government should have the power to collect taxes, raise an army, should have a President, a legislature (Congress) and a court system. • There were several disagreements among the delegates that were eventually settled by a compromise.

18. Major Constitutional Compromises • Issue: How should states be represented in the national legislature? • Answer: The Great Compromise • Two houses (bi-cameral): One based on population (the House of Representatives) the other based on equal representation (the Senate).

19. Major constitutional compromises • How should slaves be counted? • Answer: 3/5ths Compromise • Three free persons equals five slaves (for taxation and representation purposes) 3 = 5

20. Constitutional Principles • Democracy: Americans decide, through elected representatives, what the government should do. • Federalism: A system where power is shared between the state government and the national government. • Separation of Powers: (3) branches of government. • Checks and Balances: To prevent any one of the three branches from becoming too powerful, the Constitution gave each branch ways to stop the other branches. • Ability to Change: elastic clause/amendment

21. The State Debate ratification • Federalists: favored the proposed constitution • A stronger central government was needed to prevent serve political independence • Anti-Federalists: opponents of the new Constitution • A-F believed it would create a strong central government that would threaten individual freedom. • The Ratification Process: A Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution in 1791. (This pleased the A-F) These ten amendments protect important individual liberties. • The New York Connection: • Alexander Hamilton and John Jay contributed to the Federalist Papers • A series of essays that argued that the new nation would not last long if the proposed constitution were not adopted.

22. Washington’s domestic policy • Forming a new government: • Cabinet • Raising Money: • Alexander Hamilton • Financial Plan (4 part plan) • 1. Repay national debt to establish credit • 2. The creation of a National bank • 3. Whiskey Tax issued to raise $ for Western farmers • 4. Protective Tariff (protects American industries from foreign competition)

23. The presidency of thomas jefferson 1801-1809 • Washington -> John Adams -> Jefferson • Jefferson’s Views on Government • Jefferson opposed special privileges for the wealthy, and had strong sympathies for the common farmer. • The Louisiana Purchase (1803) • Doubled the size of the United States • Lewis and Clark were sent to explore and map the region

25. The outbreak of the war of 1812 (A.K.A. The second american revolution) • During their war with France, British ships stopped American ships and impressed (seized) U.S. sailors. • Some Americans thought the time was ripe to seize Canada from the British. • Congress declared war on Britain. • American forces tried to invade Canada, but were unsuccessful. • In retaliation, British troops briefly took Washington D.C • In 1814, a peace treaty was signed that left things much as they were before the war. (The Treaty of Ghent)

26. The age of Jackson • The Battle of New Orleans • 1828 elected President • An Age of Reform: • The Spoils System: supporters who helped in his election campaign were appointed to government posts in place of existing officials. • The Trail of Tears: the forced removal of the Cherokees • Jackson and the Federal Union: S.C. threatened to secede because it opposed federal tariffs on imports. Jackson threatened force, S.C. backed down. Jackson emerged as a symbol of national unity.

27. The United States Expands • Soon after independence, Americans set a course for Westward expansion. The expansion of the United States posed new challenges, as Americans debated whether new territories should enter the union as slave states or free states.

28. The nation expands its territory AMERICA MOVES TO SECURE ITS BORDERS • Louisiana Purchase (1803) • The War of 1812 • The Cession of Florida (1819) from Spain • The Monroe Doctrine (1823) stated that the U.S. would oppose any attempt by European nations to establish new colonies in the Western Hemisphere or to re-conquer former colonies.

29. MANIFEST DESTINY • (CLEAR FUTURE) to extend the nation to the shores of the Pacific. • Annexation of Texas (1845) • Oregon Territory (1846) • Mexican-American War (1846-48) • Alaska (1867)

30. The Causes of the Civil War • Sectionalism (different ways of living) • North: center of manufacturing, shipping, fishing, and small farms. • South: most Southerners did not own slaves. However, much of their economy was based on profits from the use of slave labor on large plantations to grow crops like cotton for sale to England. • West: the nation’s breadbasket, growing and shipping grain to the North and South.

31. Slavery • Abolitionists: believed slavery was morally wrong and wanted to end it. • Underground Railroad: a network of people who helped slaves escape to the North and Canada. • Western Expansion: posed problem of whether new states should enter the Union as slave or free states

32. The Breakdown of Compromise • Missouri Compromise of 1820 • The Compromise of 1850 • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)-> popular sovereignty • Dred Scott Decision (1857)-> slaves were property

33. The Civil War • When Lincoln was elected President the southern states seceded. The North’s larger population, manufacturing facilities, and naval power enabled it to win the war and end slavery.