Diseases

1. Diseases Chapter 11

2. Communicable Diseases • Transmitted from person to person • Transmission can occur by: • Direct transmission • Coughing or sneezing • Indirect transmission • Contaminated water or infected insects

3. Types • HIV/AIDS • Tuberculosis • Mononucleosis • Hepatitis • Common Cold • Influenza

4. Tuberculosis • Transmitted by airborne droplets when someone with active TB coughs, talks, or sneezes • Sharp decline in TB from 1950-1980 due to effective medications • Incidence has increased over past decade • HIV infection • Immigration from countries with high TB prevalence • Social conditions – poverty, homelessness, crowded conditions

5. Mononucleosis • Transmitted by saliva exchange • Majority of cases occur in 15 – 30 year olds • Symptoms • Initially, mild symptoms of headache & fatigue • Followed by lymph node enlargement and sore throat • Treatment • Bed rest, adequate hydration, non-aspirin pain relievers

6. Hepatitis • Inflammation of the liver • Causes of Hepatitis • Alcohol or drug induced inflammation • Virus – most common • 6 different viruses (A, B, C, D, E, & G) • Viral hepatitis is a major public health concern • 5,000,000 people are infected with Hepatitis B or C in US

7. Hepatitis cont… • Hepatitis can cause: • Rapid liver failure and death • Cirrhosis and/or liver cancer – a slower process • Hepatitis A & B - more likely to cause symptoms • Hepatitis B & C - more likely to contribute to long-term health problems

8. Hepatitis A • Least serious threat • Transmitted by: • contact with food or water contaminated with human waste • Direct person-person contact (especially day cares and institutional settings) • Virus cleared from body by immune system in 3-4 months

9. Hepatitis C • Most serious viral hepatitis • Transmitted by blood or body fluids • 80% of cases do not have symptoms • 70% of those infected will develop chronic infection

10. Hepatitis Vaccines • Hepatitis A • Recommended if traveling to country with poor sanitization • Hepatitis B • Vaccine now required for children entering daycare • Vaccine available at Student Health Center • Hepatitis C • No vaccine available

11. Meningitis • Infection of the fluid of a person’s spinal cord and the fluid that surrounds the brain • Viral Meningitis • Most common • Less severe • Treatment: bed rest, fluids, medicine to relieve fever and headaches

12. BacterialMeningitis • Can cause blindness, deafness, permanent brain damage, learning disability, or even death • Can be treated successfully with antibiotics if caught early • Classic symptoms: high fever, severe headache, a stiff neck, and a skin rash that looks like small, purplish red spots • Other symptoms: nausea, vomiting, discomfort looking into bright lights, confusion, and sleepiness • Symptoms can take anywhere from 2-10 days after close exposure to someone with meningitis

13. Bacterial Meningitis cont… • Diagnosis: spinal tap • Spread by direct contact through respiratory and throat secretions (e.g., coughing, sneezing, kissing, and immediate sharing of unwashed eating utensils) • There should be special concern if someone in your household or dorm, daycare, or intimate partner has contracted meningitis • Vaccine recommended for college students

14. Common Cold • Caused by several different viruses • Transmitted directly or indirectly • Symptoms: congestion, sneezing, sore throat, coughing, and a low-grade fever • Medication can ease symptoms

15. Influenza (Flu) • Viral infection of the nose, throat, bronchial tubes, and lungs • Transmission similar to the common cold • Symptoms: high fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint ache, coughing and fatigue

16. H1N1 Flu • CDC 2009 H1N1 Flu

17. Reducing the Risk of Contracting the Cold and/or Flu • Wash hands often • Do not touch infected areas • Drink plenty of water • Adequate rest • Avoid using handkerchiefs • Vitamin C • Flu shot – available in now at Student Health Center

18. The moral of the story is… Wash your hands!

19. Non-Communicable Diseases • Not transmitted from person to person • Develops from many sources: • Genetic predisposition • Lifestyle factors • Sun exposure • Smoking • Physical inactivity • Unhealthy eating habits

20. Types • Cancer • Asthma • Diabetes

21. Cancer Risk Factors • Family history: 10% of all cancers • Race and culture • Carcinogens: 80-90% of all cancers • Environmental and occupational hazards • Sun exposure • Cigarette smoking • Viruses • Alcohol consumption • Poor dietary habits

22. 7 Warning Signs of Cancer 1.Change in bowel or bladder habits 2. A sore not healing 3. Unusual bleeding or discharge 4. Thickening lumps 5. Indigestion or difficulty swallowing 6. Obvious change in wart or mole 7. Nagging cough or hoarseness

23. Skin Cancer • Most common form of cancer • 90% occur on parts of the body not usually covered by clothes (face, hands, forearms, & ears)

24. Risk factors • Blond or red hair • Freckles on upper back • Rough red bumps on skin • Family history of melanoma • 3 or more blistering sunburns as a teenager • 3 or more years at an outdoor job as a teenager • Living in the southern United States

25. Skin cancer cont… • Risk increases 3-4 times w/ 1 or 2 characteristics • Risk increases 20-25 times w/ 3+ characteristics

26. Prevention • Avoid sun when your shadow is shorter than you • Cover up when in the sun • Use sunscreen with SPF 15 or greater • Beware of cloudy days, water, and snow • Avoid tanning beds • Exposure to UV radiation from indoor tanning beds before age 35 increases melanoma risk up to 75% • Slip, Slap, Slop

27. Early Detection • Skin Self-Exam (SSE) • Performed each month • Start with the head and work downward • Follow the “ABCD rule” • Asymmetry • Border • Color • Diameter • Pictures

28. Breast Cancer • Most common form among women (besides skin cancer) • Risk factors: • Age 40 and older • Family history • Early onset of menstruation • Having no children or at a late age • Late menopause • Obesity

29. Breast Cancer Detection • Women age 20 + should perform monthly BSEs • Routine mammograms by age 40 • Breast Self Exams: • Look for masses within the tissue or changes in appearance • Conduct self exam at the same time each month • One week after the beginning of the menstrual period

30. Breast Self Exams cont… • Procedures: • Mirror • Bath or Shower • Lying Down • most recommended

31. Cervical Cancer • No symptoms in early stages • Risk Factors: 1st vaginal intercourse at an early age, multiple sex partners, infections with certain types of HPV’s, & cigarette smoking • Early Detection: Pap Smear • A check for pre-cancerous cells or early cancer of the cervix • When should women have their first pap test? • No more than 3 years after first vaginal intercourse • By 21 years of age • How often should women have a pap test? • Yearly

32. Gardasil Discussion • Cervical cancer/HPV vaccine • Should the HPV vaccine be mandatory for girls to attend school? • Does this requirement interfere with parents teaching children about premarital sex? • Should this vaccine be available for free for those who cannot pay? (3 shot series is $360) • If you were a parent of a 12 year old girl, would you get the vaccine for her?

33. Testicular Cancer • Most common cancer among younger males (ages 15 – 34) • Risk Factors: • Greatest risk factor: undescended testicle as a child • Other risk factors: family history, inguinal hernia, testicular trauma, mumps, elevated testicular temperature, & vasectomy

34. Testicular Self Exams • Monthly exams should begin at age 15 • Procedures: • Mirror • After a Bath or Shower • Check with your physician: • If there is a general feeling of heaviness in the testicles • If the whole testicle feel harder than usual • If one side of your scrotum is very swollen • If you feel a lump or hard area in the testicles • Any skin sores, bumps, or other changes in your genitals that do not seem normal

35. Asthma • Respiratory disorder which involves difficulty breathing • Individuals will notice a wheezing sound • In some cases, an individual can remove themselves from an irritant • Most attacks require medical intervention

36. Asthma cont… • Risk factors: family history, exposure to certain allergens, certain viral infections, and cigarette smoke • Individuals are twice as likely to have asthma if their mother smoked • Most children outgrow the condition

37. Diabetes • Insufficient insulin production by the pancreas OR • The body’s inability to utilize insulin • Types of diabetes: Type I and Type II

38. Type I Diabetes • Associated with child or adolescent onset • Pancreas does not produce insulin • Requires regular injections • Symptoms: • fatigue, irritability, abnormal hunger or thirst, frequent urination, and weight loss • symptoms appear suddenly and dramatically • Treatment: monitor blood glucose and adjust the amount of insulin injected

39. Type II Diabetes • Associated with adult onset and obesity • Insulin produced, but the cells of the body do not use it effectively • Symptoms: • drowsiness, blurred vision, itching, slow healing of cuts, skin infections, & numbness of fingers and toes • symptoms appear gradually

40. Type II Diabetes cont… • Complications: • Diabetic coma, seizures, strokes, heart attacks, gangrene of the lower extremities, & blindness • Leading cause of blindness among adults • Accounts for half of all amputations • Treatment: • Healthy diet • Regular exercise • Maintain healthy body weight and fat levels • In some instances, insulin may be required

41. Local Contacts and Websites • Texas A&M University Health Center • 845-1511 • Center for Disease Control and Prevention • www.cdc.gov • American Cancer Society • www.cancer.org • American Diabetes Association • www.diabetes.org