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Diseases. Chapter 11. Communicable Diseases. Transmitted from person to person Transmission can occur by: Direct transmission Coughing or sneezing Indirect transmission Contaminated water or infected insects. Types. HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis Mononucleosis Hepatitis Common Cold Influenza.
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Diseases Chapter 11
Communicable Diseases • Transmitted from person to person • Transmission can occur by: • Direct transmission • Coughing or sneezing • Indirect transmission • Contaminated water or infected insects
Types • HIV/AIDS • Tuberculosis • Mononucleosis • Hepatitis • Common Cold • Influenza
Tuberculosis • Transmitted by airborne droplets when someone with active TB coughs, talks, or sneezes • Sharp decline in TB from 1950-1980 due to effective medications • Incidence has increased over past decade • HIV infection • Immigration from countries with high TB prevalence • Social conditions – poverty, homelessness, crowded conditions
Mononucleosis • Transmitted by saliva exchange • Majority of cases occur in 15 – 30 year olds • Symptoms • Initially, mild symptoms of headache & fatigue • Followed by lymph node enlargement and sore throat • Treatment • Bed rest, adequate hydration, non-aspirin pain relievers
Hepatitis • Inflammation of the liver • Causes of Hepatitis • Alcohol or drug induced inflammation • Virus – most common • 6 different viruses (A, B, C, D, E, & G) • Viral hepatitis is a major public health concern • 5,000,000 people are infected with Hepatitis B or C in US
Hepatitis cont… • Hepatitis can cause: • Rapid liver failure and death • Cirrhosis and/or liver cancer – a slower process • Hepatitis A & B - more likely to cause symptoms • Hepatitis B & C - more likely to contribute to long-term health problems
Hepatitis A • Least serious threat • Transmitted by: • contact with food or water contaminated with human waste • Direct person-person contact (especially day cares and institutional settings) • Virus cleared from body by immune system in 3-4 months
Hepatitis C • Most serious viral hepatitis • Transmitted by blood or body fluids • 80% of cases do not have symptoms • 70% of those infected will develop chronic infection
Hepatitis Vaccines • Hepatitis A • Recommended if traveling to country with poor sanitization • Hepatitis B • Vaccine now required for children entering daycare • Vaccine available at Student Health Center • Hepatitis C • No vaccine available
Meningitis • Infection of the fluid of a person’s spinal cord and the fluid that surrounds the brain • Viral Meningitis • Most common • Less severe • Treatment: bed rest, fluids, medicine to relieve fever and headaches
BacterialMeningitis • Can cause blindness, deafness, permanent brain damage, learning disability, or even death • Can be treated successfully with antibiotics if caught early • Classic symptoms: high fever, severe headache, a stiff neck, and a skin rash that looks like small, purplish red spots • Other symptoms: nausea, vomiting, discomfort looking into bright lights, confusion, and sleepiness • Symptoms can take anywhere from 2-10 days after close exposure to someone with meningitis
Bacterial Meningitis cont… • Diagnosis: spinal tap • Spread by direct contact through respiratory and throat secretions (e.g., coughing, sneezing, kissing, and immediate sharing of unwashed eating utensils) • There should be special concern if someone in your household or dorm, daycare, or intimate partner has contracted meningitis • Vaccine recommended for college students
Common Cold • Caused by several different viruses • Transmitted directly or indirectly • Symptoms: congestion, sneezing, sore throat, coughing, and a low-grade fever • Medication can ease symptoms
Influenza (Flu) • Viral infection of the nose, throat, bronchial tubes, and lungs • Transmission similar to the common cold • Symptoms: high fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint ache, coughing and fatigue
H1N1 Flu • CDC 2009 H1N1 Flu
Reducing the Risk of Contracting the Cold and/or Flu • Wash hands often • Do not touch infected areas • Drink plenty of water • Adequate rest • Avoid using handkerchiefs • Vitamin C • Flu shot – available in now at Student Health Center
The moral of the story is… Wash your hands!
Non-Communicable Diseases • Not transmitted from person to person • Develops from many sources: • Genetic predisposition • Lifestyle factors • Sun exposure • Smoking • Physical inactivity • Unhealthy eating habits
Types • Cancer • Asthma • Diabetes
Cancer Risk Factors • Family history: 10% of all cancers • Race and culture • Carcinogens: 80-90% of all cancers • Environmental and occupational hazards • Sun exposure • Cigarette smoking • Viruses • Alcohol consumption • Poor dietary habits
7 Warning Signs of Cancer 1.Change in bowel or bladder habits 2. A sore not healing 3. Unusual bleeding or discharge 4. Thickening lumps 5. Indigestion or difficulty swallowing 6. Obvious change in wart or mole 7. Nagging cough or hoarseness
Skin Cancer • Most common form of cancer • 90% occur on parts of the body not usually covered by clothes (face, hands, forearms, & ears)
Risk factors • Blond or red hair • Freckles on upper back • Rough red bumps on skin • Family history of melanoma • 3 or more blistering sunburns as a teenager • 3 or more years at an outdoor job as a teenager • Living in the southern United States
Skin cancer cont… • Risk increases 3-4 times w/ 1 or 2 characteristics • Risk increases 20-25 times w/ 3+ characteristics
Prevention • Avoid sun when your shadow is shorter than you • Cover up when in the sun • Use sunscreen with SPF 15 or greater • Beware of cloudy days, water, and snow • Avoid tanning beds • Exposure to UV radiation from indoor tanning beds before age 35 increases melanoma risk up to 75% • Slip, Slap, Slop
Early Detection • Skin Self-Exam (SSE) • Performed each month • Start with the head and work downward • Follow the “ABCD rule” • Asymmetry • Border • Color • Diameter • Pictures
Breast Cancer • Most common form among women (besides skin cancer) • Risk factors: • Age 40 and older • Family history • Early onset of menstruation • Having no children or at a late age • Late menopause • Obesity
Breast Cancer Detection • Women age 20 + should perform monthly BSEs • Routine mammograms by age 40 • Breast Self Exams: • Look for masses within the tissue or changes in appearance • Conduct self exam at the same time each month • One week after the beginning of the menstrual period
Breast Self Exams cont… • Procedures: • Mirror • Bath or Shower • Lying Down • most recommended
Cervical Cancer • No symptoms in early stages • Risk Factors: 1st vaginal intercourse at an early age, multiple sex partners, infections with certain types of HPV’s, & cigarette smoking • Early Detection: Pap Smear • A check for pre-cancerous cells or early cancer of the cervix • When should women have their first pap test? • No more than 3 years after first vaginal intercourse • By 21 years of age • How often should women have a pap test? • Yearly
Gardasil Discussion • Cervical cancer/HPV vaccine • Should the HPV vaccine be mandatory for girls to attend school? • Does this requirement interfere with parents teaching children about premarital sex? • Should this vaccine be available for free for those who cannot pay? (3 shot series is $360) • If you were a parent of a 12 year old girl, would you get the vaccine for her?
Testicular Cancer • Most common cancer among younger males (ages 15 – 34) • Risk Factors: • Greatest risk factor: undescended testicle as a child • Other risk factors: family history, inguinal hernia, testicular trauma, mumps, elevated testicular temperature, & vasectomy
Testicular Self Exams • Monthly exams should begin at age 15 • Procedures: • Mirror • After a Bath or Shower • Check with your physician: • If there is a general feeling of heaviness in the testicles • If the whole testicle feel harder than usual • If one side of your scrotum is very swollen • If you feel a lump or hard area in the testicles • Any skin sores, bumps, or other changes in your genitals that do not seem normal
Asthma • Respiratory disorder which involves difficulty breathing • Individuals will notice a wheezing sound • In some cases, an individual can remove themselves from an irritant • Most attacks require medical intervention
Asthma cont… • Risk factors: family history, exposure to certain allergens, certain viral infections, and cigarette smoke • Individuals are twice as likely to have asthma if their mother smoked • Most children outgrow the condition
Diabetes • Insufficient insulin production by the pancreas OR • The body’s inability to utilize insulin • Types of diabetes: Type I and Type II
Type I Diabetes • Associated with child or adolescent onset • Pancreas does not produce insulin • Requires regular injections • Symptoms: • fatigue, irritability, abnormal hunger or thirst, frequent urination, and weight loss • symptoms appear suddenly and dramatically • Treatment: monitor blood glucose and adjust the amount of insulin injected
Type II Diabetes • Associated with adult onset and obesity • Insulin produced, but the cells of the body do not use it effectively • Symptoms: • drowsiness, blurred vision, itching, slow healing of cuts, skin infections, & numbness of fingers and toes • symptoms appear gradually
Type II Diabetes cont… • Complications: • Diabetic coma, seizures, strokes, heart attacks, gangrene of the lower extremities, & blindness • Leading cause of blindness among adults • Accounts for half of all amputations • Treatment: • Healthy diet • Regular exercise • Maintain healthy body weight and fat levels • In some instances, insulin may be required
Local Contacts and Websites • Texas A&M University Health Center • 845-1511 • Center for Disease Control and Prevention • www.cdc.gov • American Cancer Society • www.cancer.org • American Diabetes Association • www.diabetes.org