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ILIAS in HADES Update on IRMM’s Underground Activities

ILIAS in HADES Update on IRMM’s Underground Activities. Mikael Hult Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements Radionuclide Metrology Sector. IRMM in ILIAS. In JRA 1 and JRA 2 (All ILIAS funds spent already!!!) Main support to GERDA

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ILIAS in HADES Update on IRMM’s Underground Activities

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  1. ILIAS in HADESUpdate on IRMM’s Underground Activities Mikael Hult Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements Radionuclide Metrology Sector

  2. IRMM in ILIAS • In JRA 1 and JRA 2 (All ILIAS funds spent already!!!) • Main support to GERDA • Harmonisation of measurements (intercomparison, metrological aspects, Monte Carlo simulations of strange geometries) • Underground storage / production • Radiopurity measurements • (NAA analysis)

  3. Transport data Number of transports* of detector to/from HADES: 55 Detector days: 2219 * also by Herbert Strecker MPI-K-HD Special contract with EURIDICE for access outside normal working hours (8-16) => (7:30 => 16:45)

  4. Detectors Storage + transports • GeO2 from Krasnoyarsk, enriched in Ge-76. For GERDA Phase II. • Crystals

  5. JRA1 Deliverable Activation minimisation through optimised logistics instead of underground production • Report in progress: • “On the underground production of high purity germanium detectors” • Mikael Hult, Stefan Schönert, Allan Caldwell, Josef Janicsko, Vasiliy Kornoukhov, Julio Morales, Sergey Belogurov • 1EC-JRC-IRMM, Retieseweg 111, B-2440 Geel, Belgium • 2Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany • 3Max Planck Institut für Physik, München, Germany • 4Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia • 5University of Zaragoza, Spain

  6. Table of contents Executive Summary (MH) 1. Introduction 1.1. Germanium (MH) 1.2. Development of HPGe-detectors (MH) 1.3. Cosmogenic radionuclides produced in germanium (SB) 1.4. European users of HPGe produced underground (MH) 1.5. World-wide users of HPGe produced underground (MH) 2. Production and use of germanium 2.1. Overview of germanium producers (MH) - also detector manufacturers?? 2.2. The technical steps in the production of high purity germanium 2.2.1. Enrichment (VK) 2.2.2. Reduction of the raw materials (JJ) 2.2.3. Zone refinement (JJ) 2.2.4. Czochralski Growth (crystal pulling) (JJ) 2.2.5. Recycling of material (JJ) 2.2.6. Manufacturing of non-segmented HPGe-detectors (SS) 2.2.7. Manufacturing of non-segmented HPGe-detectors (AC) 3. Optimisation of logistics for above ground production (MH+SS+AC) 3.1. Benchmark test within GERDA (SS) 4. Production of HPGe underground 4.1. Selection of suitable sites (JM) 4.2. Selection of suitable production steps (AC) 5. Discussion (MH+SS+JM+AC) 6. Conclusions (MH+SS+AC+JM) 7. References (MH and all other contributors)

  7. Measurement data April 2005- Nov 2007 Number radiopurity measurements for GERDA: 28 Detector weeks: 63 Number radiopurity measurements for CELLAR: 10 Detector weeks: 20

  8. Metrological aspects • First GERDA intercomparison 2005 • (Baksan, LNGS, IRMM, MPI-K-HD) • Work on improving robustness and performance of Monte Carlo calculations for FEP efficiency calculations • papers on: - FEP eff. Depending on various geometrical • parameters • - FEP eff. Depending on decay data • - Effect of tilting, misalignment

  9. Some measured samples

  10. Meetings at IRMM in 2007 • GERDA Collaboration meeting with visits to SCK, HADES, Canberra Semiconductor and Umicore - 3.5 days 7th CELLAR meeting (also with visits) - 2 days.

  11. Meeting at IRMM in 2008?? • JRA1 or JRA2 (or both) (+N2?) (LN2?) Half day visit to SCK and HADES Half day visit to Canberra Semiconductor + Umicore

  12. Court of Justice The EU Institutions Committee of the Regions Court of Auditors European Parliament The Council of Ministers Economic and Social Committee The European Commission (the ‘College’ of Commissioners) SG RELEX ENTR ENV SANCO RTD JRC ... ... ... ... …. ... ... …. Directorates General: the “Commission services” JRC Institutes: IPTS IPSC IRMM ….. IHCP JRC can apply for funding from DG RTD like any other institution. The only restriction is that JRC persons are not allowed to co-ordinate indirect actions

  13. 7 Institutes in 5 Member States IRMM – Geel, Belgium - Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements Staff:  250 IE – Petten, The Netherlands - Institute for EnergyStaff:  180 ITU – Karlsruhe, Germany - Institute for Transuranium elements Staff:  250 IPSC - IHCP - IES – Ispra, Italy - Institute for the Protection and the Security of the Citizen - Institute for Health and Consumer Protection - Institute for Environment and Sustainability Staff:  350, 250, 370 IPTS – Seville, Spain - Institute for Prospective Technological StudiesStaff:  100 Total staff: ~ 2200 people Structure of the DG-JRC

  14. Personnel involved in ILIAS activities – 2006 and 2007 • Uwe Wätjen (D), Sector Head Radionuclide Metrology, in EUROMET Technical Committee Ionising Radiation, CCRI Section II, Eurom art. 35 etc. • Mikael Hult (S), Group leader low-level measurements, Coordinator of CELLAR 2000-2006, • Gerd Marissens (B), Chief technician • Joël Gasparro (F), Postdoc • Patric Lindahl (S), Postdoc • Elisabeth Wieslander (S) PhD student

  15. Olen – Geel – Mol - Dessel

  16. BR1 (700 kW) + BR2 (10 MW) 5 km • SCK•CEN + VITO (+ HADES) • IRMM • Umicore • Canberra Semiconductor

  17. Nearby facilities • Canberra Semiconductor – for HPGe detector assemblies • Umicore – for Ge crystal growth • IRMM – for radioactivity measurements (low-level or high accuracy) • IRMM – other facilities: LINAC, Van de Graaff, reference facilities in analytical chemistry etc. • SCK – HADES, 2 research reactors and analytical facilities

  18. Transport times • Canberra – IRMM (20 minutes) • Umicore – IRMM (20 minutes) • IRMM – HADES (15 minutes) • Canberra/Umicore – HADES (~30 minutes)

  19. Radionuclide metrology - Facilities • IRMM operates 7 HPGe-detectors for ultra-low level -spectrometry in the HADES underground laboratory (-225 m) at SCK•CEN • Laboratories with a large number of different primary and secondary standardisation instruments • Source preparation laboratories, including chemical facilities • Mass determinations traceable to the IRMM standard of 1 kg which is directly traceable to the BIPM 1 kg standard, the SI unit

  20. HADES = High Activity Disposal Experimental Site HADES = High Activity Disposal Experimental Site Located at SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium, operated by EURIDICE Oct. 2007

  21. repeat Ge-production (i) 1) Raw material: residue from e.g. Zn-ore with 3-5% Ge Zn-plant Balen 2) Reduction of Ge-oxide 3) Zone-refinement Measurements • Resistivity • Hall • DLTS Resistivity measurement 4) Czochralski growth

  22. Reduction of Ge-oxide Needs a powerful furnace. A bit difficult to put underground but possible Zone-refinement 12-13 days work (24/24)=> > 1 months without shift work Relatively easy to put underground (“low power”, some gas) Czochralski growth 2-3 days Relatively easy to place underground (small “low power”, some gas) Ge-production (ii)

  23. Main problem related to cost and safety • The “pulling” achieves a high degree of purification. Possible to place only pulling step underground. • Pulling needs clean room => expensive • Conclusion (for the moment) optimise (=minimise) transport time. • Technical report (Schönert) Underground production

  24. Ge-9 ? Well-type 2008 ? /sandwich-2 Ge-6 + Ge-7 =>sandwich Detectors in HADES

  25. Muon Background in HADES (at 500 m w.e.) Muon Background Countrate (day-1) Muon fluence rate: ~ 0.13 m-2 s-1 -background E (Channel Number)

  26. ≈ 30% > 60% ≈ 40% Background reduction • Background integrated count rate for the Sandwich HPGe detectors (40-2700 keV): Ge-6 & Ge-7 : 400 counts / (dkg)

  27. JET Ref.measurements Isotopic fingerprints Tokai-mura Hiroshima Decay data Low-level measurements – a growing field! Safeguards Radiation Protection Small samples Neutrinos / bb High temporal resolution Benchmarking Fast measurements Radiopurity for detector construction

  28. Low-level measurements – a growing field! Increase: 2.3 detectors / year The number of low-background HPGe-detectors in operation underground within the present set of partner laboratories of the network CELLAR.

  29. C E L L A R Collaboration of European Low-level underground LAboRatories Mission: To promote higher quality and sensitivity in ultra low-level radioactivity measurements for the improvement of crisis management, environment, health and consumer protection standards of Europe. 14 ISST Nova Gorica, 2005

  30. C E L L A R CELLAR-Partners • LSCE+LMRE - France (-2200 m) • LNGS - Italy (-1700 m) • PTB - Germany (-490 m) • IRMM - EU (-225 m) • IFIN-HH Bucharest – from 2006 • University of Iceland (-165 m) • Universita` dell'Insubria – from 2006 • VKTA - Germany (-50 m) • IAEA-MEL – Monaco (-15 m) • MPI-Heidelberg - Germany (-10 m) • ARC-Seibersdorf – Austria – from 2003

  31. Some European underground radioactivity laboratories All depths in m w.e. University of Iceland - 350 Boulby Pyhäsalmi HADES - 500 Wraclaw ASSE - 1100 Tübingen - 10 Felsenkeller - 125 MPI Heidelberg - 15 Unirea Modane - 4800 IAEA-MEL Monaco - 30 Baradello Hill Gotthard tunnel - 3700 Confranc tunnel - 2450 Mont Blanc tunnel - 5000 Gran Sasso - 3800

  32. Use of activation technique to be able to determine the loss of charged particles from the plasma A suitable CELLAR measurement ULGS measurements : need low background due to very low activity & small samples.

  33. Ti B4C W LiF Ti B4C JET : Sample holder ≈ 10 cm

  34. 10B(p,)7Be 7Li(p,n)7Be ULGS measurements : JET Charged particles big variation in activity 184W(d,)182Ta 182W(n,p)182Ta 184W(n,)181Hf Neutrons  approx. the same activity throughout the sample. 48Ti(d,)46Sc 46Ti(n,p)46Sc

  35. Other CELLAR projects (TA2?) • Hiroshima • JCO accident • Intercomparisons • Reference materials (MPI, IAEA, IRMM) • Joint purchases, detector test, shared experiences, Next experiment at JET • Analyse also short lived radionuclides like V-48 (16 d) and Sc-47 (3.4 d) and Cr-51 (28 d) • Use 18 detectors (2 samples for one week on each detector) • => Networking (maybe via TA2?? or too early) • Environm. radioact. (IOPS) • water columns (IAEA) • Geology • decay data • Neutron physics

  36. I the trend continues……….

  37. A few of the European underground radioactivity laboratories University of Iceland - 350 Santa’s cave Sala gruva Viking cave Falu gruva Boulby The Viking hole Murphy’s mine Pyhäsalmi Ykkeskannava HADES - 500 Trappist keller ASSE - 1100 Tübingen - 10 Felsenkeller - 125 MPI Heidelberg - 15 Unirea - XXX Modane - 4800 IAEA-MEL Monaco - 30 Baradello Hill - XXX Alonso’s Gotthard tunnel - 3700 Confranc tunnel - 2450 Mont Blanc tunnel - 5000 Gran Sasso - 3800 Magaluf

  38. Why not? - as long as it makes the world a better place or gives us the mass of the neutrino

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