CANKAYA UNIVERSITY OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES -ENGLISH UNIT-

1. CANKAYA UNIVERSITY OFFICE OF BASIC AND ELECTIVE COURSES-ENGLISH UNIT- VOCABULARY PRESENTATION FOR ENG 205 COURSE WEEK 5,6,7

2. WHAT DO YOU THINK THIS UNIT IS ABOUT?

3. UNIT 3 GLOBALIZATION

4. What is globalization? Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology

5. YOUR TURN! 1-Has globalization affected your country? Think about the changes in recent years in: • Job opportunities • Culture • Fashion • Ideas 2-Do you think your country needs to be protected from the effects of globalization?

6. YOUR TURN! WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION?

7. YOUR TURN! ADVANTAGES • Integration of markets: Markets are interlinked- European Union • Cheaper Products for Consumer: Trainers are Cheap • Lowering of international Bariers: Now European Union can Trade with ASEAN and NAFTA. • Providing jobs in LEDC's and help develop economy (less Economically Developed Countries) • Standardization of products: coke and McDonalds

8. YOUR TURN! DISADVANTAGES • Intense Competition Cheaper Products for Consumer: Trainers are Cheap • Widening of Gap between rich and poor countries • Harder for Smaller businesses to establish themselves • Exploitation of workers: Paying the workers in LEDC's a fraction of what would be paid in to workers in LEDCs. • Income generated in Host country is not always spent in the same country - money earned from supplying cheap call centres in India will not be spent in India but maybe in UK or US.

9. LISTENING

10. globalization(n) : Word Formation : globalize (v) Definition : the process of making something, such as a business, operate in a lot of different countries all around the world Synonyms:- Antonym:- Collocations :- Ex:Globalization may lead to destruction of local customs and culture. Ex:Some people think that the spread of English as an international language is another result of globalization. Ex:In order to earn more, most companies try to globalize.

11. A supporter of colonialism colonialism(n) : Word Formation : colonialist Definition : when a powerful country rules a weaker one, and establishes its own trade and society there Synonyms: imperialism Antonym: - Collocations :- Ex:As with the other institutions in the 3rd World, education has been heavily influenced by colonialism. Ex:In the 18th century, many countries were colonialist, and try to find colonies to meet their needs. Ex:As a result of colonialism, workforce in the developing countries are mostly exploited.

12. social justice(n) : Word Formation : Definition : The fair and proper administration of laws that all persons, irrespective of ethnic origin, gender, possessions, race, religion, etc., are to be treated equally and without prejudice. Ex:Social justice is based on the idea of a society which gives individuals and groups fair treatment and share of the benefits of society.

13. commodity(n) : Word Formation :- Definition : a product that is bought and sold. Synonyms:- Antonym: - Collocations : commodity-producing(adj), basic/primary/agricultural commodity , buy/sell commodity Ex:The prices of agricultural commodities increased suddenly in the winter. Ex:Unlike oil, most Third World commodities are not essential to the West any ore. Ex:It’s clear that most of the commodity-producing countries suffer from colonialism.

14. multinational(adj) : Word Formation : multinational (n) Definition : a multinational company has factories, offices, and business activities in many different countries Synonyms: - Antonym:- Collocations :multinational company/firm/corporate Ex:The growth of multinational corporations provided an increase in investment in foreign countries. Ex:With multinational firms, it’s hard to say where profits are actually earned Ex:Multinationals have made large investments in Thailand

15. poverty(n) : Word Formation : - Definition : the situation or experience of being poor Synonyms:- Antonym: - Collocations : severe/extreme poverty, suffer/fight/reduce poverty Ex:Seven out of every ten Guatemalans live in poverty and half cannot read and write. Ex:We need an effective strategy to fight poverty Ex:Poverty and unemployment are two of the biggest causes of crime

16. labour-saving(adj) : Word Formation :- Definition : making it easier for you to do a particular job Synonyms:- Antonym: - Collocations : labour-saving device/gadget/equipment Ex:After the luxury of labour-saving devices, it’s too hard to go back to the old ways. Ex:There are many labour-saving gadgets for the farmers now, so they don’t have to do everything by human force. Ex:If you can afford it, buy some labour-saving devices, like a washing machine.

17. corruption(n) : Word Formation :- Definition : dishonest, illegal, or immoral behaviour esp. from someone with power Synonyms:- Antonym: - Collocations : widespread corruption Ex:The officials were charged with bribery and corruption Ex:The investigation uncovered widespread corruption within the police force Ex:The country’s government has been accused of corruption and abuse of power

18. vary(v): Word Formation :- Definition : if several things of the same type vary, they are all different from each other Synonyms: differ Antonym: - Collocations : vary from..to.. , vary according to , very greatly/significantly/slightly Ex:Test scores vary from school to school. Ex:Charges vary according to size. Ex:Medical treatment varies greatly from state to state.

19. turnover(n): Word Formation :- Definition : the amount of business done during a particular period Synonyms:- Antonym: - Collocations : turnover of, high/large/total/annual turnover, insrease turnover, turnover fall Ex:The drugs industry has an annual turnover of $200bn. Ex:Last year, they increased turnover by nearly $100m. Ex:The company’s turnover for 2009 fell to $80m, from nearly $95m the previous year.

20. LISTENING

21. LISTENING Indira Prabhu is an economist from India. She is being interviewed about globalization. 1. What do you think her views will be on the following topics: • Globalization as colonialism • Social justice • The relationship between commodity-producing countries and multinationals

22. LISTENING 2. Indira Prabhu’s views on: Globalization as colonialism She does not agree that globalization is the new face of colonialism. On the contrary, she thinks that it is the best way of fighting poverty.

23. LISTENING 2. Indira Prabhu’s views on: Social justice Workers will eventually demand social reforms and conditions will improve. Poor working conditions are the effect of poverty in the country itself, not of globalization.

24. LISTENING 2. Indira Prabhu’s views on: The relationship between commodity-producing countries and multinationals Multinationals take advantage of commodity-producing countries and dictate low prices which do not reflect the value of the products.

25. LISTENING 3. Now, Indira discusses the impact globalization has had on developed countries. Listen and answer the questions. 1-According to her, who has most to fear from globalization? 2-What does the interviewer say is a main worry for the West? 3-What is the main reason for job losses in the USA?

26. LISTENING 3. ANSWERS 1-According to her, who has most to fear from globalization? People in the West / in developed countries have most to fear from globalization 2-What does the interviewer say is a main worry for the West? Parents are worried that their children’s lives will be harder than their own. There are also people who have become unemployed because their jobs have gone abroad. 3-What is the main reason for job losses in the USA? Labour-saving efficiencies, not companies moving abroad.

27. LISTENING 4. Listen to Part C and answer the questions. 1-What problems are created when countries export knowledge? 2-How does Indira feel about the move into the service sector? 3-How can developed countries maintain their world position?

28. LISTENING 4. ANSWERS 1-What problems are created when countries export knowledge? If poorer countries gain knowledge, they can overtake rich countries because they will have both know-how and cheaper labour and production costs. 2-How does Indira feel about the move into the service sector? She thinks that the service sector will not be enough to support a developed economy; it needs manufacturing as well. 3-How can developed countries maintain their world position? They can maintain their world position by continuing to invest in innovation.

29. LISTENING 5. • How far do you agree with what Indıra said? • Were you surprised by any of her views?

30. READING

32. GDP(gross domestic product) : Word Formation : - Definition : the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year, except for income received from abroad Ex:The GDP of India is about $60 bn, and the government is trying to increase it.

33. GNP(gross national product) : Word Formation : - Definition : the total value of all goods and services produced in a country, usually in a single year

34. distribution channel : Word Formation :- Definition : a way of selling a company's product either directly or via distributors Ex:The company has decided to change its distribution channels, because they believe that the reason why they cannot reach the customers is them. Ex:Possible distribution channels are wholesalers or small retailers or retail chains or direct mailers or your own stores. Ex:What is the extent of your distribution channel?

35. joint venture( n.phr. ): Word Formation :- Definition : A partnership or conglomerate, formed often to share risk or expertise Ex:In A joint venture between the film companies to produce TV shows, they share the risk of failure Ex:Avea is a joint venture between Aria and Aycell.

36. disposable income(): Word Formation :- Definition : income (after taxes, bills, etc.) that is available to you for saving or spending Ex:Do consumers have enough disposable income in Turkey? Ex:The percentage of disposable income spent at supermarkets has declined since 1980s. Ex:To provide welfare among people, the government is planning to pay additional disposable income.

37. economic outlook(): Word Formation :- Definition : general attitude to economy Ex:At the end of 19th century, economic outlook began to improve in the US. Ex:The economic outlook of Japan is manly based on the production of machines. Ex:Most companies need international economic outlook to improve.

38. consumer base( n.phr.): Word Formation :- Definition : It refers to the clients to whom a businesssellsproducts and servicesEx: A company should analyze its consumer base to identifty the number of currently active customers and to understand their purchase behaviours.

39. development zone( n.phr. ): Word Formation : Definition : refers to an area, especially in or near a city, where the government tries to encourage economic development by offering financial advantages to people who start companies, factories, etc. there: Ex: Nationwide, almost 4,000 industrial parks and development zones are under construction.

40. hurdle(n) : Word Formation : - Definition : An obstacle or difficulty to be overcome Synonyms: obstacle Antonym:- Collocations :overcome/clear/get over a hurdle Ex:Finding enough money for the project was the first hurdle. Ex:There are several hurdles to get over in someone’s career. Ex:His biggest hurdle to get the job will be the interview.

41. being in the process of emerging or developing emerge(v) : Word Formation : emerging(adj) Definition : to become known Synonyms: appear Antonym:- Collocations : Ex:Many details of the plan emerged at yesterday’s meeting. Ex:More research in consumer buying and behaviour in emerging electronic markets is needed. Ex:The country’s emerging oil industry seems to be a good value in the near future.

42. outstanding(adj) : Word Formation : outstandingly (adv) Definition : very great or clear Synonyms: noticable Antonym: Collocations : outstanding performance/success Ex:It’s certainly true that the project proved an outstanding success. Ex:She did outstandingly well in the job interview. I’m sure they’ll hire her. Ex:

43. culminate(v) : Word Formation : culmination(n) Definition : if a process culminates in or with a particular event, it ends with that event Synonyms: - Antonym:- Collocations : culminate in / with Ex:These efforts will culminate in the success of the project. Ex:This book represents the culmination of 15 years’ work Ex:This company is very important for him because it is the culmination of a lot of effort and time. Culmination of sth: Something that happens at the aned of a long period of effort or development

44. fertile(adj) : Word Formation : - Definition : Highly or continuously productive Synonyms: prolific Antonym: infertile Collocations : - Ex:There are a lot of fertile areas in the East part of Turkey. Ex:This are is infertile, so we didn’t clear it for cultivation. Ex:Some developing countries are really fertile markets for multinational companies.

45. strive for(v) : Word Formation : Definition : make a great effort to achieve sth Synonyms: Antonym: Collocations :always/constantly strive for Ex:The company must constantly strive for more efficiency. Ex:This is the nature of science, always striving for a set of rules and solutions Ex:Commitment to health service means constantly striving for better ways.

46. prudent(adj) : Word Formation : Definition : sensible and careful, esp by trying to avoid risks Synonyms: Antonym: Collocations : Ex:It’s more prudent, more rational and more natural to use organic materials. Ex:If you want to run a business abroa, you should be prudent. Their customs and values may be different. Ex:

47. determined (adj) : Word Formation :- Definition : having a strong desire to do sth Synonyms:- Antonym:- Collocations : determined to ... Ex:He is determined to be the best jazz musician ever. Ex:The company is determined to be the leading one in the textile industry. Ex:They have just set up the business,however, they are determined to be the best in the country.

48. estimate(v) : Word Formation : estimated (adj) Definition : to try to judge the value, size, cost, etc. of sth wthout calculating it exactly Synonyms:- Antonym:- Collocations : estimate that, be estimated to ... Ex:Scientists estimate that smoking reduces life expactancy by around 12 years. Ex:Based on estimated rates of inflation, employees will get a big salary increase. Ex:At this point, the profit is estimated to be around $40 m.

49. evaluate(v) : Word Formation : evaluation(n) Definition : to judge how good, useful, or succesful something is Synonyms: assess Antonym:- Collocations :carry out an evaluation , evaluate carefully Ex:We need to evaluate the success of the campaign carefully Ex:There wasn’t enough time to evaluate the information before the meeting. Ex:The managers are carrying out an evaluation of the new system . They are assessing pros and cons.

50. reveal(v) : Word Formation : - Definition : to make known sth that was previously unknown or secret Synonyms: - Antonym:conceal Collocations : - Ex:A succesful test can reveal a manager’s skills. Ex:The company has just revealed its plans for the coming year, including the opening of new offices in Paris. Ex:The rates declared at the end of the year revealed the GDP of the country.