Intro to Macromolecules

1. Intro to Macromolecules Pg. 19 – 29 (same pages for the next few classes)

2. What are macromolecules? Macromolecules – large molecules that are made up of repeating subunits Monomers(small molecules) Combine to form… Polymer(large/macromolecule)

3. Seriously though… • For the most part ‘macromolecules’ = ‘macronutrients’ Nutrient - __________definition?____________ • There are 4 types of macromolecules: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids* * = not something you gain from your diet

4. Organic molecules • Organic molecules are the chemicals of life • Contains some combination of C, H, N, O, P and S • Carbon usually forms the foundation or ‘back-bone’’(that’s where the term carbon-based life form comes from) • The shape of a molecule is determined by the bonds between its atoms (not much)

5. Naming carbon-only molecules Some common organic molecules consist only of carbon and hydrogen Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane

6. Drawing molecular structures • We can determine the shape of a molecule by building models of them • Each type of atom can form a set # of bonds • How do we know how many bonds an atom can make? • HONC-1234 Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon

7. Complete the table H|

8. Try these... Chemical name: ______ Chemical formula: ______ Structural formula: (draw it!)

9. Try these... Chemical name: glucose Chemical formula: ______ Structural formula: (draw it!)

10. When talking about food... • Macronutrients are: • Water • carbohydrates (carbs, sugars, etc.) • lipids (fats, oils, etc.) • protein (polypeptides, enzymes, etc.) • Micronutrients are: • vitamins (iron, D, etc.) • minerals (sodium, zinc, etc.)

11. Activity • Molecular modeling • Handout, Section #1 – 4 • Answers on a separate sheet (to be collected and graded)

12. Unit 1: Cellular BiologyThe Chemistry of Life(Nutrients)

13. Organic Compounds Molecules which contain both carbon and hydrogen, usually with a backbone of carbon. Small subunits are joined together to make larger molecules. (This is similar to bricks creating a wall.)  form monomers  polymers (small molecules) (large molecules) These large molecules are called macromolecules or macronutrients. (e.g. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

14. Nutrients Nutrients are needed by all organisms for 1. __________ and 2. ______________ energy building blocks There are two types of nutrients: macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients carbohydrates proteins lipids (fats) water Micronutrients vitamins minerals

15. . Carbohydrates C H O 1. Carbohydrates: Contain the elements _____, _____, _____ monomer = _______________ diagram: (building block) function: ______________ glucose ring or straight chain energy

16. Carbohydrates sugars and starches are the main source, come from plants, and provide energy for animals There are 2 types of carbohydrates: Simple Sugars (monosaccharides &disaccharides) Complex Sugars (polysaccharides)

17. Simple Sugars (Simple Carbohydrates) Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose (fruits), galactose (milk) • “saccharide” means sugar • prefix “mono” means one monosaccharides are made of one sugar molecule   e.g. glucose straight chain ring form

18. Simple Sugars (Simple Carbohydrates) Disaccharides: maltose (beer, 2 glucose), lactose (milk, glucose + galactose), sucrose (table sugar, glucose + fructose) • prefix “di” means two, disaccharides are made of two sugars • single sugars combine to form double sugars

19. . Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides • prefix “poly” means many, polysaccharides have many sugars Plants and animals cannot directly store glucose in their cells because __________________________________________. Plants change glucose into ________ and use it for energy storage while animals store it as_________ in the liver. Plants also contain ________, a structural component of cell membranes. All carbohydrates are digested (broken down) into _________________________ before entering the blood stream. it is soluble & would diffuse (flow away out of cell) starch glycogen cellulose monosaccharides (like glucose)

20. The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates I. Carbohydrates:

21. The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates

22. The Chemistry of Life - Carbohydrates ....1000’s

23. . Proteins C H O N S 2. Proteins contain the elements ____, ____, ____, ____ ( ____) monomer = _______________ Diagram: (building block) functions: - to build and repair cell structures - involved in chemical activities of the cell as enzymes amino acids (a.a.)

24. Proteins Structure: there are 20 amino acid building blocks making up proteins polypeptides (long chains of amino acids) • each amino acid has two special groups: an amino group and a carboxyl group • the order of the amino acid determines the type of protein • this order is determined by the genes on your DNA • the chains of amino acid are organized into folded arrangements or spirals, folded back on one another and also combined with other proteins • each protein has a specific arrangement different from all other proteins Levels of Protein Structure http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/Human_Physiology/Print_Version

25. . The Chemistry of Life - Proteins Proteins: All proteins are digested into ________________ before entering the blood stream. Your body takes these building blocks and makes its own characteristic proteins. 20 different aa’s essential a.a.’s = _______ ______ = non-essential a.a.’s amino acids 12 8 Your body can’t make these so you must consume them in your food. Your body can make these. ex. animal proteins like meat, fish, eggs don’t contain all 8 essential a.a.’s ex. plant proteins like nuts, seeds, beans contain all 8 essential a.a.’s

26. Proteins Denaturation: • the shape of a protein can be altered by heat, radiation or change in pH • this denaturation causes the protein to uncoil or change shape which affects its function • The change can be temporary or permanent

27. The Chemistry of Life - Proteins II. Proteins:

28. . Lipids (Fats) C H O 3. Lipids (Fats) : Contain elements _____, _____, _____ monomers = _______________ & ___________________ functions: 1. energy: twice as much energy as carbohydrates 2. insulation: helps keep heat in & cold out 3. cushions: layer of fat around vital organs 4. storage: long term energy storage 5. cell membrane: major component 6. dissolves fat-soluble vitamins diagram: glycerol 3 fatty acids

29. The Chemistry of Life – Lipids (Fats) III. Lipids (Fats): glycerol & 3 fatty acids All fats are digested into _______________________ before they can enter the body.

30. Laboratory ExperimentIdentifying Nutrients

31. Important Information for the Lab Today we will be doing some lab tests on foods to see if they contain carbohydrates, lipids (fats) and proteins. Part 1: Monosaccharide Test  you have to heat it for the test to work Part 3: Translucence Test  you have to let it dry for the test to work *** Do NOT mix up the droppers from one beaker to another. You will ruin the results for everyone. You may put a nutrient in a container that shouldn’t be there creating a false positive test. Do NOT cross contaminate the beakers. ***

32. Formal Lab Write Up • For this lab you will be handing in a formal lab report. • DUE DATE: Tuesday October 16 • Your lab will include the following parts: • Purpose: One for the whole lab, NOT for each part. • Observations: One table for each part of lab. • Discussion: Answer the discussion questions in full sentences. • Conclusion: Summarize the results of the lab in a short paragraph.

33. Homework Answer questions # 1, 3 – 5, 15 (a, b) on page 35.