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Macromolecules

Macromolecules. 4 major classes of macromolecules : carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids. monomers building blocks repeated small units polymers Molecules consisting of 2 or more monomers. Dehydration synthesis / Condensation. H 2 O. HO. H. HO. H. HO. H.

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Macromolecules

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  1. Macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

  2. monomers • building blocks • repeated small units • polymers • Molecules consisting of 2 or more monomers Dehydration synthesis / Condensation

  3. H2O HO H HO H HO H • -joins monomers by “taking” H2O out • one monomer donates OH– • other monomer donates H+ • together these form H2O • requires energy & enzymes Polymer Formation (synthesis) enzyme Dehydration synthesis / Condensation

  4. H2O HO H enzyme H HO H HO • use H2O to breakdown polymers • reverse of dehydration synthesis • cleave off one monomer at a time • H2O is split into H+ and OH– • H+ & OH– attach to ends • requires enzymes • releases energy Polymer Breakdown (digestion) Hydrolysis

  5. Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons 6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) Carbohydrates -Composed of C, H, O carbo-hydrate CH2O C6H12O6 *5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution

  6. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Glucose Types of Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides • 1 simple sugar (monomers) • glucose, galactose, fructose • Disaccharides • 2 monosaccharides • sucrose, maltose, lactose • Polysaccharides • 3 or more monosaccharides (polymers) • starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen

  7. glucose glucose maltose • 1,4 glycosidic linkage glucose fructose sucrose 1,2 glycosidic linkage *Position of linkage determines function

  8. Polymers of sugars Function: energy storage starch (plants) glycogen (animals) structure = building materials cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi) Polysaccharides

  9. Unbranched vs Branched p62 Fig 5.6 starch (plant) glycogen (animal)

  10. Structural Polysaccharides Cellulose makes up plant cell walls and differs from starch by glycosidic linkages cellulose p63 Fig 5.7 starch alpha = below plane....all beta = above plane....every other *isomers of glucose

  11. Digesting starch vs. cellulose starcheasy todigest cellulosehard todigest

  12. Structure Starch -helical Cellulose -straight -chains...H-bonds http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp03/0302002.html

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