Classification of Living Things

1. Classification of Living Things

2. TAXONOMY _______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their _________________________Does it have a backbone? Feathers? Gills? Flippers?__________________________How has organism changed in fossil record? What other organisms is it related to? CHARACTERISTICS EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

3. The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _______________more than 2000 years ago. ARISTOTLE (300 B.C.)

4. Aristotle 384 B.C.E. (Before Common Era) • Classified organisms as either plants or animals • He developed the first two kingdoms • Today we now have six identified kingdoms • Animal, plant, protist, eubacteria, archaebacteria, fungi

5. Aristotle’s Classification System

6. 16th Century Classification System

7. 17th Century

8. Problems? Ex: A jelly fish isn’t a fish, but a seahorse is! Common names (popular name)can be misleading Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal!

9. Problems? Common names vary from place to place Ex: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar are all names for same animal

10. Problems? Same organisms have different names in different countries. Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish) Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

11. Solution? Some early scientists devised scientific names using long descriptions in LATIN. RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis

12. RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis “oak with leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair like bristles” PROBLEMS? Names too hard and long to remember! Names don’t show relationships between different animals

13. Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue! Devised a new classification system based on _________________ (Organism’s form and structure) MORPHOLOGY (1707-1778) Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg

14. Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 • Classification system • Taxonomic groups of related organisms • Came up with the scientific name (two names) • Homo sapiens • Also known as binomial nomenclature

16. Linnaeus’s System HIERARCHY Grouped in a _____________ of 7 different levels Each organism has a two part LATIN __________________ SCIENTIFIC NAME

18. Species • Organisms that can only reproduce with their own kind. ?

19. Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species King Phillip Came Over For Ginger Snaps Each is called a taxa or taxon.

20. Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera leo

22. Scientific Name Vampire batDesmodus rotundus Image from: http://212.84.179.117/i/Vampire%20Bat.jpg Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

23. Our Scientific Name Humans Homo sapiens Homo sapiens Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg

24. Classification of Man • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Mammalia • Order Primates • Family Hominidae • Genus Homo • Species Homosapiens

25. Modern Taxonomy Kidspiration by Riedell

26. Hint for 6 Kingdoms: • Aunt = Archaebacteria • Patty = Protist • Eats= Eubacteria • Pizza = Plant • And = Animal • Fruit = Fungi

27. Kingdom Eubacteria • Single celled • Prokaryotic • Make or absorb food • Cell wall • peptidoglycan

28. Kingdom Archaebacteria • Single celled • Prokaryotic • Make or absorb food • DNA • Similar to Eukaryotic • Cell wall • Pseudopeptidoglycan or protein only

29. Kingdom Protist • Single celled • Eukaryotic • Ingest or produce food

30. Kingdom Fungi • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Cell wall • Chitin • Absorb food

31. Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Cell wall • Cellulose • Produce food (autotroph) • photosynthesis

32. Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Heterotroph • Movement for survive • Sexual Reproduction

33. MODERN TAXONOMY organizes living things in the context of _________________ Evolution How the organism has changed over time…years. http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/dino/FlyingDinosaurus-Pterodon-fossil.jpg

34. Cladogram • Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms • Each clad (group) share something in common • Ancestral traits are the oldest • Derived traits evolved later

35. Cladogram for Transportation • Wheels are the most ancestral • Wings are the most derived

36. Construct a Cladogram

37. Gorilla • Four limbs • Fur • Lost tail

38. Tiger • Four limbs • Fur • Tail

39. Lizard • Four limbs • Tail

40. Fish • Tail

41. Chimpanzee • Four limbs • Fur • Lost tail

42. Clad With 4 Limbs

43. Clad With Fur

44. Clad With No Tail

45. Gorilla Tail? • How do we know the gorilla lost its tail?

46. Human Gorilla’s Vestigial Tail Gorilla

47. Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fish

48. MODERN TAXONOMY • Scientists use different kinds of info • to classify organisms: • ___________________ • ____________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ Fossil record How organisms have changed over time Morphology Shape and function Embryology: development in womb Chromosomes DNA Embryology= zygote, embryo, fetus

49. 1. FOSSIL RECORD We can trace some changes over time through the fossil record. Evolutionary history = _____________ PHYLOGENY http://www.familyeducation.com/printables/display/0,2361,1650,00.gif

50. 2. MORPHOLOGY Shape and Function Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html