The papal monarchy

1. The papal monarchy

2. Since the 5th c, the popes of the Catholic Church had been supreme over the affairs of the Church

3. They had also gained control of territories in central Italy that came to be known as the Papal States This control kept the popes involved in political matters, often at the expense of their spiritual duties

4. Secular, or lay, rulers usually chose nominees to church offices and gave them the symbol of their office, a practice known as lay investiture Papal reforms

5. Realizing the need to be free from secular interference in the appointment of church officials, Pope Gregory VIIdecided to fight this practice

6. Gregory claimed that only by eliminating lay investiture could the Church regain its freedom By “freedom” he meant the right of the Church to appoint clergy and run its own affairs

7. During the papacy of Pope Innocent IIIin the 13th c, the Catholic Church reached the height of its political power The church supreme

8. Innocent used the spiritual weapons at his command His favorite was the interdict – forbids priests from giving the sacraments(Christian rites) of the Church to a particular group of people.

9. The goal was to cause the people under interdiction, who were deprived of the comforts of religion, to exert pressure against their ruler

10. The culture of the high middle ages

11. The rise of universities

12. The first European university appeared in Bologna (buh-LOH-nyuh), Italy • A great teacher that taught Roman law attracted students from all over Europe (men) • Most were administrators for kings and princes The first universities

13. Kings, popes, and princes thought it honorable to found new universities By 1500, there were 80 universities in Europe

14. Students began their studies at medieval university w/ the traditional liberal arts curriculum • Consisted of grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy University Curricula

15. Teaching was down using the lecture method • The word “lecture” is derived from Latin and means “to read” • Books were expensive and few students could afford them, so teachers read from a basic text and then added their explanations

16. A student could go on to study law, medicine, or theology • Theology – the study of religion and God – was the most highly regarded subject of the medieval university

17. The black death

18. Basically this is a nasty bacteria-based epidemic that was spread along trade routes • Rats carrying fleas that had the bacterium were the catalyst

19. The plague spread through trade routes • Italian merchant ships (a playground for rats) brought the disease with them from the Black Sea in October 1347 • By the end of the year it had spread throughout Italy, France, and Spain

20. Out of a total European population of 75 million, 38 million died of the plague between 1347-1351 (4 years) • That’s 9.5 million per year • That’s 182,693 / week • Over 26,000 / day • That’s over 5 Willis’s / day

21. The death of so many people in the 14th c led to a decline in trade and shortage of workers • this caused a dramatic increase in the cost of labor Economic effect

22. Decline of Church Power

23. European kings had grown unwilling to accept papal claims of supremacy by the end of the 13th c. This was evident in the struggles btw Pope Boniface VIII and King Philip IV

24. Basically, Philip wanted to tax the clergy and Boniface said that they will not be taxed because they are above state • Philip disagreed and sent troops to capture Boniface and bring him to trial • Boniface escaped by died soon after the ordeal from the shock of the experience

25. Philip made to where a Frenchman was elected Pope and moved the papal offices to Avignon, France. • From 1305-1377 popes live in Avignon…NOT Rome

26. Eventually the papal offices returned to Rome in 1377 under Pope Gregory XI • He died soon after the journey home

27. The great Schism

28. After Gregory’ death an Italian was elected Pope A group of French cardinals declared the election invalid and chose a Frenchman as pope.

29. This split began what is known as the Great Schism of the Church • This lasted from 1378-1417 • The French Pope lived in Avignon, the Italian Pope lived in Rome • The allies of France recognized the French pope as the head of the Church • France’s enemies, mainly England and her allies, recognized the Italian Pope as head of the Church

30. Both popes attacked the other and label him as the Antichrist. This back and forth pestering and name-calling led many people to lose faith in the Church’s authority The Great Schism ended at a church council in 1417

31. By the early 1400s, the Church had lost much of its political power The pope no longer had any hope of asserting supremacy over the state The papacy and the Church had lost much of their spiritual authority

32. The Hundred Years war

33. 1337-1453 Was fought between France and England Began when the French King Philip VI tried to invaded a small English territory in France This caused King Edward III of England to declare war

34. The English was a few key battles at Crecy and Agincourt When hope was all but lost, the French monarchy and military rallied behind a young woman named Joan of Arc

35. Joan of Arc was a deeply religious person who came to believe she had experienced visions from God • She persuaded the French king to allow her to accompany the army to Orleans • Here, her faith inspired the French forces and led to a victory

36. Seeing her as a threat and rallying point, the English captured Joan and she was turned over to the Inquisition on charges of witchcraft • Joan was condemned as a heretic and sentence to burn at the stake

37. Eventually the French won the war in 1453 with the help of a new weapon...the cannon This was made possible by the invention of gunpowder