The United Monarchy

1. The United Monarchy King David King Solomon Rehboam, Jeraboam and the Split

2. War with Ish Boshes David Captures the city of Jerusalem from the Jebusites War with the Philistines Wars of Conquest Aron Brought to Jerusalem War with Ammon Bathsheba Amnon and Tamar Abshalom’s Rebellion Sheba ben Bichri’s Rebellion The Evolution of the Monarchy King daviddates of david’s reign

3. After Saul’s Death • David mourns Saul and his sons in Ziklag • David asks Hashem what to do and is told to go to Hebron and was anointed King of Israel • Ruled over the territory of Judah • Abner-ben-NerSaul's general backs Ish Boshes Saul’s son to be king and he ruled over • Assur • Jezreel • Ephraim • Benjamin War with Ish Boshes

4. The Civil War Map of Machanayim- Ish Boshes’ Stronghold • Abner and Ish Boshes war against David and his forces • Abner who control the army argues with Ish Boshes and decides to defect to David • Yoav deviously kills Avner against David’s order • David mourns Avner publicly • Ish Boshes is killed by traitors trying to get close to David • David kills them when they present him with Ish Boshes’ head War with Ish Boshes

5. Four Room House in Hebron Chadwick, Jeffrey R. “Discovering Hebron.” Biblical Archaeology Review, Sep/Oct 2005, 24-33, 70-71. http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=31&Issue=5&ArticleID=5 (accessed 10/21/2010) After Ish Boshes’ Death • The civil war lasted for two years • Five years later the tribes of Israel come to Hebron to anoint David King • A treaty is signed to forgive backers of Ish Boshes • The Sanhedrin agrees and crowns David as King The Nation Acclaims David King

6. The State of the Country The Largest Canaanite building in Israel was found in Jerusalem it is called the “stepped stone structure” it is probably Metzudas Tzion Mazar, Eilat. “Did I Find King David’s Palace?.” Biblical Archaeology Review, Jan/Feb 2006, 16-27, 70. http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=32&Issue=1&ArticleID=4 (accessed 10/21/2010) • The country still has pockets of Canaanite settlement • David and his forces start a campaign to remove all Canaanite cities and is partially successful • David fortifies the defenses against the Philistines • The City of Jerusalem was not conquered David Captures the city of Jerusalem from the Jebusites

7. Jerusalem Steiner, Margreet. “David’s Jerusalem: Fiction or Reality?: It’s Not There: Archaeology Proves a Negative.” Biblical Archaeology Review, Jul/Aug 1998, 26-30, 32-33, 62-63. http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=24&Issue=4&ArticleID=2 (accessed 10/21/2010 • Was heavily defended by an enormous fortress • Metzudas Tzion- מצודת ציון • David’s general Yoav infiltrated the fortress through the water supply • After the capture David makes Jerusalem his capital and center of the David Captures the city of Jerusalem from the Jebusites

8. Large Stone Structure in Jerusalem Possibly David’s Palace Mazar, Eilat. “Did I Find King David’s Palace?.” Biblical Archaeology Review, Jan/Feb 2006, 16-27, 70. http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=32&Issue=1&ArticleID=4 (accessed 10/21/2010) Prelude to War • David built the Milo –מילוא • it is not clear what it is but it plays an important in the politics of Solomon's reign • As well Hezekiah's time • Possibly an open space • Or opening is his palace wall • Hiram King of Tyre built a palace for David • As David is more firmly in control • The Philistines probably become afraid of a United Israel • David defeated the Philistines in Emek Refaim –עמק רפאים • He forced them to retreat to Gezer and the remained defeated during his reign War with the Philistines

9. Wars of Conquest • After defeating Philistines David turns to expansion • David defeated • Moab • Hadadezer king of Zobah • Aram of Damascus • Edom • Amalek (mentioned in the Gemorah) Wars of Conquest

10. Jerusalem Religious as the Center Jerusalem in David’s Era Mazar, Eilat. “Did I Find King David’s Palace?.” Biblical Archaeology Review, Jan/Feb 2006, 16-27, 70. http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=32&Issue=1&ArticleID=4 (accessed 10/21/2010) • The Aron was brought to Jerusalem • First attempt stopped by the death of Uzzah • Amid proper prayer, and fanfare the Aron is brought to Jerusalem • David wishes to build the BeisHamikdsah but is not permitted • The BeisHamikdash could only be built after all of Israel’s enemies were defeated and David had not yet brought about complete peace Aron Brought to Jerusalem

11. Citadel of Amman The City of Rabbah Harrison, Timothy P. “The Amman Citadel: An Archaeological Biography: “Rabbath of the Ammonites”.” Archaeology Odyssey, Mar/Apr 2002, 10-19. http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSAO&Volume=5&Issue=2&ArticleID=4 (accessed 10/21/2010 War with Ammon • David sends a diplomatic mission to Hanun the son of Nachash • The Ammonite advisors probably seeing that David’s kingdom was growing large and dangerous rejected the diplomatic mission • The Ammonites then hired Arameans to help attack Israel • David defeats the Arameans and drove them off • The next year he begins a campaign against Ammon and besieges Rabbah but David stays in Jerusalem • After the incident with Bathsheba David’s army took the city Bathsheba

12. David in Jerusalem Hashem Punishes David • עבירה גוררת עבירה • David stayed back instead of leading his troops • He is tempted by seeing Bathsheba washing • She was divorced but it was still not right to take her • Uriah her former husband disobeyed David’s orders and so was deserving the death penalty • David orders him to be placed at the front of the line to be killed • The first son he fathered by Bathsheba died • His son Amnon rapes his daughter Tamar • Abshalom kills Amnon and then rebels • Adonijahclaims to be King in David’s old age Bathsheba

13. Amnon and Tamar • Tamar was the daughter of Maacha and David • Maacha was an אשת יפת תואר and was not Jewish at the time that David fathered Tamar • Since Tamar was not born Jewish she is not Halachicly related to Amnon • Amnon; Tamar’s half brother is infatuated with her and rapes her • After raping her he is disgusted by her and sends her away in disgrace • Abshalom takes in Tamar after she is raped • Abshalom arranges for Amnon to be killed • After the murder Abshalom flees to Geshur • After David recovers from the news of the murder he is prevailed upon by Yoav to bring Abshalom back to Jerusalem • David kept Abshalom under house arrest in Jerusalem and would not see him Abshalom’s Rebellion

14. Abshalom’s Conspiracy In the words of תנ"ך • Samuel I 15 • (2) And Abshalom would rise up, and stand besides the path to the gate; and it was when any man that would have a suit due to come to the king for judgment the Abshalom called to him and said:”from what city are you?” and he said “of one of the tribes of Israel is your servant” • (3) And Abshalom said “your claim is correct and good but none of the kings judges will hear you. • (4) And Abshalom said “who will appoint me judge in the land and every man who has a dispute of a suit will come to me than I will do justice for him • And it would be, when a man cam near to prostrate himself before him that he put forth his hand and took hold of him and kissed him. • (6) And Abshalom did the same to all the Israelites that came to the king for judgment. And Abshalom stole the hearts of the men of Israel. • שמואל ב פרק טו • )ב) וְהִשְׁכִּים אַבְשָׁלוֹם וְעָמַד עַל יַד דֶּרֶךְ הַשָּׁעַר וַיְהִי כָּל הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִהְיֶה לּוֹ רִיב לָבוֹא אֶל הַמֶּלֶךְ לַמִּשְׁפָּט וַיִּקְרָא אַבְשָׁלוֹם אֵלָיו וַיֹּאמֶר אֵי מִזֶּה עִיר אַתָּה וַיֹּאמֶר מֵאַחַד שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל עַבְדֶּךָ: • (ג) וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו אַבְשָׁלוֹם רְאֵה דְבָרֶךָ טוֹבִים וּנְכֹחִים וְשֹׁמֵעַ אֵין לְךָ מֵאֵת הַמֶּלֶךְ: • (ד) וַיֹּאמֶר אַבְשָׁלוֹם מִי יְשִׂמֵנִי שֹׁפֵט בָּאָרֶץ וְעָלַי יָבוֹא כָּל אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִהְיֶה לּוֹ רִיב וּמִשְׁפָּט וְהִצְדַּקְתִּיו: • (ה) וְהָיָה בִּקְרָב אִישׁ לְהִשְׁתַּחֲוֹת לוֹ וְשָׁלַח אֶת יָדוֹ וְהֶחֱזִיק לוֹ וְנָשַׁק לוֹ: • (ו) וַיַּעַשׂ אַבְשָׁלוֹם כַּדָּבָר הַזֶּה לְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר יָבֹאוּ לַמִּשְׁפָּט אֶל הַמֶּלֶךְ וַיְגַנֵּב אַבְשָׁלוֹם אֶת לֵב אַנְשֵׁי: Abshalom’s Rebellion

15. The Conspiracy in Brief King Abshalom • Abshalom breeds dissent by courting people who have complaints either about the government of with another Jew and claims that he will be on his side • Abshalom also makes the claim that David favors his family and the tribe of Judah over the other tribes • Abshalom also includes some of David’s close advisors in his conspiracy • He also begins his rebellion in Hebron a Judah stronghold to keep the allegiance of the people of Judah • David is forced to flee from Jerusalem with most of his advisors and his general • He takes with him the Aron • Abshalom takes Jerusalem and marries David’s concubines who were left in Jerusalem • Abshalom and his advisors start to rule the land as king • They need to eliminate David and his forces who are hiding in Machanayim • Hushai a friend of David infiltrated the conspiracy and became a close advisor to Abshalom • Hushai advised waiting to attack David and his forces Abshalom’s Rebellion

16. Forest of Ephraim The Death of Absalom byGustave Dore • Then before the attack he sends word to David about the plan • The battle took place in the forest of Ephraim and David defeated Abshalom’s forces • 20,000 men were killed • Abshalom is caught fleeing from the Battle by his hair in a tree • Yoav kills Abshalom against David’s orders • After the battle David finds out the news that his son is dead and begins to mourn • David is forced by Yoav to go out and celebrate the victory with his men Abshalom’s Rebellion

17. Abshalom’s Defeat Leads to Dissention Between Israel and Judah • Shmuel II 19 • (41) And the king went over to Gilgal and Chimhan went over with him; and all the people of Judah brought the king over, and also half the people of Israel. (42) And, Behold all the men of Israel came to the kin and they said to the king, “Why did our brothers the men of Judah steal you away; by having brought the king and his household over the Jordan, and all of David’s men with him?” (43) And all the men of Judah answered the men of Israel, “Because the king is near to me; why are you angered over this matter?” (44) And the men of Israel answered the man of Judah and he said “I have ten parts in the king and am therefore closer to David than to you. Why then did you slight me? Now was not my word the very first to return my king?” and the words to the men of Judah were harsher than the words of the men of Israel • שמואל ב פרק יט • (מא) וַיַּעֲבֹר הַמֶּלֶךְ הַגִּלְגָּלָה וְכִמְהָן עָבַר עִמּוֹ וְכָל עַם יְהוּדָה ויעברו הֶעֱבִירוּ אֶת הַמֶּלֶךְ וְגַם חֲצִי עַם יִשְׂרָאֵל:(מב) וְהִנֵּה כָּל אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל בָּאִים אֶל הַמֶּלֶךְ וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֶל הַמֶּלֶךְ מַדּוּעַ גְּנָבוּךָ אַחֵינוּ אִישׁ יְהוּדָה וַיַּעֲבִרוּ אֶת הַמֶּלֶךְ וְאֶת בֵּיתוֹ אֶת הַיַּרְדֵּן וְכָל אַנְשֵׁי דָוִד עִמּוֹ: (מג) וַיַּעַן כָּל אִישׁ יְהוּדָה עַל אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל כִּי קָרוֹב הַמֶּלֶךְ אֵלַי וְלָמָּה זֶּה חָרָה לְךָ עַל הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה הֶאָכוֹל אָכַלְנוּ מִן הַמֶּלֶךְ אִם נִשֵּׂאת נִשָּׂא לָנוּ: (מד) וַיַּעַן אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת אִישׁ יְהוּדָה וַיֹּאמֶר עֶשֶׂר יָדוֹת לִי בַמֶּלֶךְ וְגַם בְּדָוִד אֲנִי מִמְּךָ וּמַדּוּעַ הֱקִלֹּתַנִי וְלֹא הָיָה דְבָרִי רִאשׁוֹן לִי לְהָשִׁיב אֶת מַלְכִּי וַיִּקֶשׁ דְּבַר אִישׁ יְהוּדָה מִדְּבַר אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל: Sheba ben Bichri’s Rebellion

18. No Portion of David • Sheva ben Bichri of Benjamin blew a shofar and declared a rebellion of Israel against David and Judah • Yoav hunts him down and finds him in the city of Abel of Beth-Maacah • Yoav threatens the people of Abel - Beth-Maacah and they kill Sheva ben Bichri Sheba ben Bichri’s Rebellion

19. Analysis • In his short reign Saul did not have the time to create a working administration but he did serve as break with the loose confederation of tribes that was the government before. • Saul’s government showed the people what a strong centralized government would be like • The majority of people saw the potential for defense and economic growth • The former heads of the tribes felt left out • After the end of the civil war David eliminated the last independent Canaanite cities inside the land of Israel • Then defeats the Philistines and Ammon to secure the boarders and launches wars of conquest in modern Syria • The תנ"ך then mentions David’s heroes and officers which can be viewed as the establishment of an administration and bureaucracy • Abshalom’s rebellion • Abshalom played on the antagonism between the heads of the tribes • He also played on the David’s loyalty to the men of Judah and their separateness from the rest of Israel • Sheva ben Bichri’s rebellion • Was a prelude to the break up of the kingdom which would happen under Rehaboam • Israel against Judah • The תנ"ך repeats the list of heroes and officers an expansion of the bureaucracy The Evolution of the Monarchy