POST DISASTER NEEDS ASSESSMENT

1. POST DISASTER NEEDS ASSESSMENT A comprehensive and effective multi-sectoral damage and needs assessment is critical to planning the response to the needs of the affected people.

2. The increasing concern on properly assessing economic/human/social/environmental needs: the human faces post disaster, pose more than a methodological challenge

3. Disasters Impact • Immediate, short term and long-lasting • Despite theories , on ground the response to disasters is determined more by logistical capacities and other institutional factors of delivery rather than needs of the affected communities. • Considering the subjective nature of human suffering a participatory and vulnerability focused framework of PDNA is the need of the hour

5. Unprecedented Disaster

6. The PDNA • A process, a framework for coordination and cooperation and a tool for integrated post disaster assessment • an analytical tool to determine damage and losses • A systemic, integrated approach that moves from early to longer term needs to recovery and reconstruction • The specific need of post disaster early recovery needs assessment. How response can lead to resilience and sustainability • A tool for increased capacity to respond at the country level: • Government capacity building and strengthening pre-disaster recovery preparation • International donors, financial institutions and UN country team’s pre-positioning wherever required to ensure prompt coordinated action

7. Present status • Relief oriented, • Governed more by the reporting necessity which have evolved over the years in the states and also as determined by the reporting requirements to GOI • No comprehensive or standardized framework available • While this may be sufficient for payment of standard relief disbursements, it is of no use for planning for an early recovery or to address the multi-sectoral recovery needs

8. Need for PDNA • Is to get standardized damage and needs assessment data which is useful for reporting to • local, • state , • central governments, • media, • NGO’s • National and international Aid agencies and above all to reflect the needs of the affected communities

9. Issues crucial to PDNA • Common understanding • Experience and knowledge share • Technical considerations • Harmonization, transfer and access to information between methodologies and tools • Organizational considerations • Coordination, avoid duplication and agreed response and preparation platforms • Sequencing of assessments (simultaneity and non-duplication) • Trade-offs • Timeliness, accuracy and costs • Training and research to advance

10. PDNA for Recovery- what do we expect out of this This development of a PDNA is seen as a three-staged process: • A stocktaking exercise • Analysis of the similarities, potential overlapping and gaps • Proposal of guidelines and tools for their harmonization and application in a way that avoids duplication and proposes integrated assessment- we have asked International Recovery Platform to help us in this under this program

11. Why a Post-disaster recovery needs assessment process? • Not a new methodology: building on existing tools and knowledge • Promote coherence, consistency and appropriate response that leads to recovery • Insert in a systemic risk management process as part of development agenda • Allow transition from emergency to recovery, recuperation and reconstruction • to launch joint concerted assessment process if Government seeks such an exercise • CAPACITY BUILDING: at the national level within governmental institutions and to the UN country team to enable pre-disaster response capabilities

12. The Timing of Disaster Effects: a reminder Recovery needs (fill the gap from immediate response to recovery in order to reduce losses) Emergency needs Full Reconstruction and Economic Recovery Damage 5 yrs Losses Time, months

13. Sequencing, coordination of interventions Post Disaster Recovery Reconstruction Development Plans and Programmes Emergency Response Needs Assessment RECONSTRUCTION – BACK TO DEVELOPMENT NEEDS Data RECOVERY (FRAMEWORK) NEEDS EARLY RECOVERY NEEDS EMERGENCY NEEDS Before After Quick impact assessment (Flash appeal) 3-7 days Local level Area based Community Driven 2 weeks Recovery Framework (Donors Conference) 1 month Reconstruction Strategy (IFIs working Group) 2-3 months

14. Methods.. • Intensive • Iterative • Participatory • Mixture of all

15. Damages and Needs • Human life-death , injury-recoverable, irrecoverable (rather than simple and grievous) • Housing • Community infrastructure • Environment • Livelihood • Health • Psycho-social effect

16. Three main questions in the assessment • What do we need to know • Why do we need to know • How can we know

17. Persons doing PDNA - essential qualities • Should have understanding of concepts- vulnerability , coping capacity, social inclusion, gender equality and most importantly community participation • Understand what is a multi-sectoral need

18. Situation assessment- Focuses more on description of situation on ground • Describes magnitude and impact on the population and infrastructure • It basically answers –”what has happened” • Needs assessment- tries to articulate level and type of assistance required for the affected population • It focuses on the question –” what needs to be done”

19. The assessment process should help develop recommendations that define and guide further actions, interventions and resources needed to formulate long-term rehabilitation or development strategies • PDNA is taken up at different time intervals, once immediately and then after some time to fully understand the damage and its impact on various aspects of life • It helps in assessing the quantum of damage and the needs for assistance

20. Important to take care that- • The process and tools are transparent, • Flexible, • Adaptable • Credible • Inclusive • Participatory

21. Losses to human life • Household survey • Informal discussion • Secondary sources-media-NGO • Community based survey Classify damages as Death, permanent disability, major injury, minor injury , missing Segregate by gender, age, occupation to develop deeper understanding

23. Housing • Household survey • Habitat mapping, transect walk, Village transect • Photographic documentation • Number affected, partial damage, minor damage, undamaged,kutch, tiled, pucca etc • Zoning issues Challenges – often done in a non-transparent non participatory manner

24. Other major areas for assessment • Livelihood • Health • Community infrastructure • Gender • Inclusion • Environment

30. Current funding mechanisms post disaster in India • Scheme of financing relief is based on the recommendation of Finance Commission (FC) • FC recommends Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) for each State for meeting expenditure on relief as per the approved norms. • CRF comprises of 75% central assistance and 25% contribution provided by the concerned State • Assistance is providing under National Calamity contingency Fund (NCCF) when the CRF available to a State is not adequate to meet relief expenditure. • Important point to note is that this is mainly relief oriented – till date despite the enactment of DM Act the focus is on relief as transfers to the state from the federal government are covered by Finance Commission recommendations given every five years- It is hoped that the next Finance commission will incentivise other actvities under DM • The mitigation activities could get funded through special packages like after Tsunami, externally aided programmes but in most cases left to the state to be dovetailed under current ongoing national and state schemes

31. Advantages of a good PDNA- a comprehensive recovery package • Supports release of funds from NCRF • Helped formulation of Rajiv Gandhi special package on Tsunami • WB ETRP $423 m–Rs.1852 crores – over 3 years • Housing – includes repairs, construction of transit shelters, permanent shelters ( other than those of NGOs) and infrastructure - Rs.1551 crores • Fisheries - Rs.80.6 crores for restoration of damages • Agriculture - Rs.28.02 crores for restoration of lands • Horticulture - Rs 5.69 crores for restoration of lands • Animal Husbandry - Rs. 7.46 crores for restoring damaged infrastructure • Mangrove/Green belt plantations - Rs 10 crores • Repairs • Schools - Rs.28.47 crores • 119 Cyclone shelters/other buildings - Rs 2.63 crores each • River drain banks - Rs. 19.27 crores • Hospitals/PHCs - Rs 22.3 crores

32. Long Term measures • ADB TEAP $143 m – Rs.615 crores – over 3 years • Livelihood Rs 215 crores • SHGs through micro-enterprises training and support • Replacement of productive assets • Skill upgradation • Risk mitigation through insurance • Restore community infrastructure • Transportation • Roads and bridges Rs. 39 crores • Ports and harbors Rs.76 crores • Rural and Municipal Infrastructure • Water supply / Sanitation Rs 99 crores • Others (Roads, buildings, drainage canals, power network etc.) Rs176 crores • Capacity building Rs.9.5 crores

33. Long Term measures • IFAD Project $30 m–Rs.129 crores • Over a period of 8 years • Community resource management • Community institutions • Micro and rural finance • Micro-enterprise development

34. The effective PDNA helped TN govt formulate projects to reduce the vulnerability of coastal areas with the following major components: • Disaster resistant houses in the place of poorly constructed vulnerable houses numbering about 55000 • 150 kms of Evacuation Routes • 78 Evacuation Shelters • 997 Early Warning Systems

35. PLANS

39. NEW – FISH LANDING CENTRE

40. Sand dune

41. Rehabilitating the North Breakwater & Sea Wall - Nagapattinam Port Agreement Value : Rs. 18.39 Mn. Expenditure incurred : Rs. 18.39 Mn. Financial achievement : 100 % Physical achievement : 100 % Work completed.

43. Products which are manufactured by TSUNAMI affected Women Self Help Groups (SHGs) are registered in the name of ALAIMAGAL (Daughter of Waves)

45. School Building - Tharangambadi – Nagapattinam District

47. WITH HOPE OF A SAFER FUTURE