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UNIT FIVE THE ROMAN LEGACY. Ancient Italy and its Peoples. The Etruscan League of 12. 8th Century BCE 650 BCE : 560 BCE (approx): 483 - 474 BCE: 474 BCE: 438 - 425 BCE: 428 BCE: 406 BCE: 396 BCE :.
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8th Century BCE650 BCE : 560 BCE (approx): 483 - 474 BCE: 474 BCE: 438 - 425 BCE: 428 BCE: 406 BCE: 396 BCE : First Settlement by Etruscans First Necropolis builtRevolt of the Vibenna brothers Early wars of Rome with VeiiDefeat of Etruscan fleet at CumaeVeii's second war with RomeDeath of Lars Tolumnius, Lauchum of Veii Start of Siege of VeiiFall of Veii Timeline For Veii
Statue of Aplu (Apollo), rooftop of the temple at Veii.The statue was probably made by Vulca, the only Etruscan artistwe know by name. Approx. 520 - 550 BCE.
Woman And Child, Terracotta, 510 B.C. (from Portonaccio Temple)
Transliteration:.............ita.tmia.icac.heramasva.vatieKeunial.astres.ðemiasa.meK.ðuta.ðefariei.velianas.salcluvenias.turuce.munistas.ðuvastameresca.ilacve.tulerase.nac.ci.avil.Kurvar.tesiameitale.ilacve.alsasenac.atranes.zilacal.seleitala.acnasvers.itanim.heramve.avil.eniaca.pulumKva.Transliteration:.............ita.tmia.icac.heramasva.vatieKeunial.astres.ðemiasa.meK.ðuta.ðefariei.velianas.salcluvenias.turuce.munistas.ðuvastameresca.ilacve.tulerase.nac.ci.avil.Kurvar.tesiameitale.ilacve.alsasenac.atranes.zilacal.seleitala.acnasvers.itanim.heramve.avil.eniaca.pulumKva. Rough Translation:This temple and (this) statue have been dedicated to Uni / Astarte. Thefariei Velianas, head of the community, donated it for the worship of our peoples. This gift of this temple and sanctuary and the consecration of its boundaries during his three year term in the month of Xurvar(June?) in this way, and in Alsase (July?) this record together with the divinity/statue shall thus be buried by order of the Zilach that the years may outlast the stars. Etruscan Script
Fresco from the city of Tarchna (Roman Tarquinii or modern Tarquinia)
The Tomb of the Bas Reliefs Tomba dei relievi bassi Period: 7th century BCE
The Tomb of The Augurs Tomba Dei Augure Period: 530 - 480 BCE.
On the sides we notice two characters with their hands extended upwards. They are generally interpreted as augurs, but others interpret them as relatives of the deceased, reading the name written on the wall (Apastanasar) which contains the root apa (father).
Right Wall: we notice two figures of shorter stature, probably slaves; a door and a stool ; next is a character wearing a tebenna with a salutory pose. The next character is Tevarath with a lituus in his right hand. To the center of the wall two wrestlers are depicted, possibly part of the funerary games. The next scene is also probably part of the funerary games, and depicts a masked figure holding a rope in his hand. The rope is attached to the collar of a dog.
When the Phersu (masked person) pulls on the rope, a nail on the dog's collar bites into its neck, enraging the animal and causing it to attack a tethered man, possibly a condemned criminal. Up until recently the names of the characters could be read. The name Phersu or Persu is probably the origin of the latin word "Persona" associated with the theatrical tradition.
The Tomb of Hunting and Fishing Tomba caccia e Pesca Period: end of the VI century BCE. Artists: Ionian school.
Second room (burial chamber): Main wall: there are two scenes, one on the fronton and another on the lower part of the wall. At this point a hollow has been dug, almost certainly after the painter had finished his work; in fact the hunting and fishing scene has been cut into. In the pediment this hollow was perhaps designed for a cinerary urn. Fronton: a banquet scene is represented. To the right a servant with a vase approaches a stamnos (crater). The servant is going to draw wine to bring to the banquet. By the crater other pottery can be seen. In the center of the banquet a Heptachord can be seen and on the cline a man and a woman; the man holds a kylix; the woman has white skin and the man has red skin. There is pronounced disproportion between the size of natural elements (birds) and the people, a typical feature of the Ionian school.
On a boat we notice four fishermen: one intent on rowing- the others fishing, perhaps with a net. From the water muticoloured dolphins and an seagull appears on the surface.
The Tomb of The Lionesses Tomba delle Leonesse Period: around 520 BCE.
Right Wall: banquet scenes: two men with crowns on head, reclining on pillows; the one on the left is dressed in a green cape and has in his hand an egg and kylix (an egg for the Etruscans was the symbol of rebirth). Over it hangs a wide scarf with flowers and a crown. The figure on the right has a blue cape and red and green crowns are hanging over him.
The Tomb of The Leopards Tomba dei Leopardi Period: beginning of the fifth century BCE.
Right Wall: Dancing scenes. Dancers and musicians participate in the choreography. The dancers wear light tebennas which do not impede their movements, and one is carrying a cantharos. Next comes a double flute player (aulos) of which the tubes can be seen clearly. A lyre (testudo) player follows.
Left Wall: one of the servants assigned to the banquet carries a kylix in his left hand, and in his right hand, an oinochoe.Next to him is a dancer with a cantharos and an olive tree full of fruit. The leaves of the olive tree are light green and dark green. The artist is perhaps trying to create an impression of the leaves blowing in the wind. The next servant is carrying a kylix and the third servant has a long ladle (for stirring the water and wine). The fifth servant has a fan (perhaps for the blowing the fire, or for ventilation). There is a great deal of symbolism in the frescos in the tomb, which is associated with the elaborate banquets which accompanied an Etruscan funeral.
The above sculpture is taken from the Tomb of the Triclinium. The terra cotta sarcophagus lid with figures of a man and woman, presumably his wife reclining on a triclinium or dining couch presumably eating a meal or having a quiet moment after supper. Both figures are propped up on their left elbow with the man close behind the woman. Both faces share a secret, tender smile.
This Etruscan bronze she-wolf from Capitoline Hill in Rome dates from the sixth - fifth century BCE; the statues of the infants are not Roman but were added in Renaissance
MAISON CARRÉE Nîmes c. 19 B.C
Nîmes. Temple of Diana. Interior 1st Century ce
Relief- left panel- shows Tellus, a female figure who personifies the fertility of the earth, with two nymphs symbolising air and water. The scene represents the three elements of the world under Roman power- an allegory of the peace and prosperity under Augustus.
Colosseum, Rome70-82 A.D.Stone and concreteAn exterior view of the Colosseum, which was built to house entertainments for the people of Rome: gladiator and wild animal fights and even mock sea battles.
Colosseum, Rome70-82 A.D.Stone and concreteAn interior view of Colosseum in Rome.
