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Commas in a Series. RULE: Use commas with 3 or more items in a series EXAMPLES: I bought apples, oranges, and pears at the store. I danced, ran, and puked today. I danced in the rain, ran in the snow, and puked on my brother today. . No Commas in a Series…. I ran AND danced AND puked.
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Commas in a Series RULE: Use commas with 3 or more items in a series EXAMPLES: I bought apples, oranges, and pears at the store. I danced, ran, and puked today. I danced in the rain, ran in the snow, and puked on my brother today.
No Commas in a Series… • I ran AND danced AND puked. • I will shop OR dance OR cry today.
Commas between Adjectives • RULE: Add commas to separate 2 or more adjectives of equal importance • EXAMPLES: • The large, fluffy dog panted in the sun. • The fluffy, large dog panted in the sun.
Commas in a Compound Sentence • RULE: Use a comma AND a conjunction to join 2 independent clauses together. • Conjunctions: • and, but or, for, so, yet, nor • Examples: • The girl ran, yet the boy followed. OR, USE A SEMI-COLON: • The girl ran; the boy followed.
Commas with Transitions • RULE: Use commas to separate transitions from the rest of the sentence. • EXAMPLES: • First, I ate. Then, I got sick. Afterwards, I felt better.
Commas in Complex Sentences- see page 9 notes • RULE: Use a comma to separate a dependent clause from an independent clause. • HINT: The sentence needs to BEGIN with a subordinating conjunction. • Examples: Since the day I was born, I loved pizza. I loved pizza since the day I was born.
Commas with Interrupters: Direct Address • RULE: Use a comma to separate the name of a person directly being spoken to • EXAMPLES: • Mary, brush your teeth. • Brush your teeth, Mary.
Commas with Interrupters: Appositives • What is an appositive? • It is a phrase that renames the noun. • The underlined parts are appositives. • RULE: Use a comma(s) to separate the appositive from the rest of the sentence. • EXAMPLES: • Mrs. Robertson, our LA teacher, has a substitute. • Tornaodes, a type of vortex, are scary.
Commas with Interruupters: Interrupting Phrases • What is an interrupting phrase? • It is a phrase NOT RELATED to the topic • It “butts” in. • RULE: Use a comma(s) to separate an interrupting thought. • EXAMPLES: • The boys, as you know, are smelly. • Children, I believe, love summer.
Helpful Hint with Interrupters: • Interrupters can be taken OUT of a sentence and a sentence still remains. • Try it! Identify the type of interrupter first. Then, take the interrupter out. Are you left with a sentence? • Beagles, a type of hunting dog, love to howl. • Pizza, in my opinion, is the best food on the planet. • Can you shave your legs, Derek?