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Petrochemicals: Building Blocks of Modern Materials

Discover the evolution and applications of petrochemicals from the 1800s to today, shaping products like plastics, paints, fabrics, and more. Learn about polymers, recycling plastics, and the structure of molecules. Explore the world of saturated, unsaturated, and substituted hydrocarbons, along with functional groups like alcohols and carboxylic acids.

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Petrochemicals: Building Blocks of Modern Materials

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  1. Petroleum C Petroleum as a Building Source

  2. Petrochemicals • Early 1800’s the only materials that were used were “found materials” - materials that occurred naturally (wood, stone etc) • Now, most of our products are created by materials that the people from 1800’s have never seen.

  3. Petrochemicals • Petrochemicals - compounds produced from oil or natural gas. • Some materials use petrochemicals directly • Detergents • Pesticides • Pharmaceuticals • Cosmetics

  4. Petrochemicals • Polymer - a molecule with many repeating single units called monomers. • 500 - 20000 repeating monomers

  5. Petrochemicals • Petrochemicals are used mainly in the process of making most materials today. • These include plastics • Paints • Fabrics • Rubber • Insulation • Foams • Adhesives • Molding • Structural materials

  6. Petrochemicals • It takes very few builder molecules (small-molecule compounds) to produce many different substances. • Ethene is a great builder molecule!! • Double covalent bond between C’s.

  7. Addition Reaction • Addition reaction - adds water (OH and H) to each C atom • Ethene - the double bond is broken

  8. Polymers • Polymer - a long chained substance that often repeats itself. • Again, ethene is a great builder molecule • Polyethylene (polyethylene) is an addition polymer - a polymer made by many repeating units of itself • Monomer is the single unit that repeats or makes up the polymer. (ethene)

  9. Addition Polymers

  10. CFO Plastic Recycling • Do Recycle: Clear and colored plastic bottles (P.E.T.E. and H.D.P.E)* • Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE) • High Density Polyethylene • Don't Recycle: Cottage cheese and yogurt containers - Margarine and sour cream containers • Tips: • Discard caps and lids - Labels need not be removed - Rinse and drain - place in green bag / blue container co-mingled with aluminum / tin / metal cans and plastic.

  11. CFO Plastic Recycling • Plastic is Recycled into: • Plastic lumber - Boat docks - Landscape ties - Fiberfil - Carpet Backing • * P.E.T in polyethylene terephalate (soft drink bottles) • * H.D.P.E is high density polyethylene (clear milk jugs, distilled and spring water, punch drink bottles and colored container such as Tide, Downy, Ivory, etc.)

  12. Polymer Structure and Properties • Page 265-66

  13. Carbon atom • The C atom can form four bonds naturally. • Alkane - hydrocarbon with single bonds between all carbons • Alkene - hydrocarbon with at least one double bond between C atoms. • More reactive than alkanes because of double bond - they make better builder molecules. • The single and double bonds between C’s are covalent bonds - occur between two nonmetals that share electrons

  14. Saturated molecule • Saturated molecule has single bonds between C’s and is “saturated” with H’s.

  15. Unsaturated Molecule • Unsaturated molecule - involves at least one double bond between two C’s thus not being “saturated” with H’s. • A type of alkene

  16. Substituted Alkene • Substituted alkenes have one other element in addition to C and H.

  17. Double and Triple bonds in hydrocarbons • Alkanes - a hydrocarbon with single bonds between all C’s. • CnH2n+2 • Examples: C2H6, C8H18 • Alkenes - hydrocarbons with at least one double bond between two C’s • CnH2n • Examples: C3H6, C5H10

  18. Double and Triple bonds in hydrocarbons • Alkynes - hydrocarbons with at lest one triple bond between two C’s • Ethyne (acetylene) - is a commercially important alkyne. Blowtorches/welding • C2nH2n-2 • Examples: C2H2, C5H8

  19. Alkanes

  20. Alkenes

  21. Alkynes

  22. Cycloalkanes • Take a straight chained alkane, remove a H from each end and attach the two end C’s = cycloalkane • Saturated molecules

  23. Cycloalkanes CYCLOHEXANE

  24. Aromatic Compounds • Aromatic compounds are ring structures • Unsaturated • Must have a double or triple bond somewhere • Benzene is a common, commercially important, aromatic compound.

  25. Aromatic Compounds - benzene

  26. Builder Molecules containing Oxygen • Functional Group - an atom or a group of atoms that imparts characteristic properties to an organic molecule. • Alcohols - have an -OH off the main branch • R-OH • R represents the rest of the organic molecule • -OH represents the the functional group in this case, alcohol.

  27. Alcohol (ethanol)

  28. Builder molecules containing oxygen • Carboxylic Acids

  29. Builder molecules containing oxygen - esters

  30. Condensation Reactions Carboxylic acid + alcohol condensation polymer + H2O Water is produced!!

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