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Italian and German Expansion 1933-1940: Case Study, Fascism in Italy

The state of Italy in 1815 was divided across geographic and social lines, leading to unification in 1861. Italian history from 1870 to 1923 highlights the weaknesses that facilitated the rise of Fascism. Factors like lack of national identity, Catholic Church-state relations breakdown, and working-class protests shaped Italy's political landscape. Fascism, rooted in nationalism, militarism, and authoritarianism, emerged under Mussolini. The Treaty of London in 1915 outlined Italy's territorial gains and interests.

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Italian and German Expansion 1933-1940: Case Study, Fascism in Italy

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  1. Italian and German Expansion, 1933-1940 Case Study #2

  2. Italian Expansion, 1870-1933

  3. Italy in 1815 What appears to be the state of Italy in 1815 according to the map?

  4. Italian Unification • Occurs in 1861 (efforts of Cavour and Garibaldi) • Still divided across geographic, religious, and social lines • This, along with involvement in WWI, weakened the Italian government and caused civil unrest Guiseppi Garibaldi Camillo de Cavour

  5. People choose type of government • Open, free elections • Protection of individual rights Liberal Italy • Period between 1870 and 1923 • Weakness during this period facilitated the development of Fascism

  6. Lack of National Identity • Laws and politics of Piedmont were imposed on other states • Regionalism still powerful • Most support for gov’t found in industrialized areas North • Industrialized • Nationalist South • Rural • Regionalist

  7. The Catholic Church • Breakdown in relations between the State and the Church after unification • Worsened by anti-clerical policies • Catholics urged by the Vatican not to vote until 1914

  8. Working-class Protest • Politics dominated by middle- and upper-class • Liberal governments infamous for corruption and misrepresentation • Working-class protests and strikes grow in the 19th century • 1892- Italian Socialist Party (PSI) founded Red Week- July 1914

  9. Working-class Protest • Giovanni Giolitti- Prime minister from 1903-1914 • Moderate; wanted support of the masses • Electoral and welfare reform • Allow religious education in schools • Seizure of Libya in the Italian-Turkish War (1911-12) garnered criticism from the left • Two largest parties were PSI and Catholic Party after WWI

  10. Nationalist Opposition • Italian Nationalist Association founded in 1910 by Filippo Marinetti • Glorified war; criticized gov’t for failure in becoming a “Great Power” • Unification unfinished without Trentino and Trieste (belongs to Austria) • Also wanted an empire • Only minor gains in Africa • Humiliated by Abyssinia in 1896 after attempt at conquest

  11. Funeral of the Anarchist Galli, Carlo Carra (1910-11)

  12. Fascist Synthesis- Alessandro Bruschetti (1935)

  13. The Treaty of London, signed by Britain, France, Italy, and Russia on April 16, 1915 Article 4 By the future treaty of peace, Italy is to receive the district of Trentino; the entire Southern Tyrol up to its natural geographical frontier, which is the Bremner Pass; the city and district of Trieste; the Country of Groizia and Gradisca; the entire Istria Article 9 France, Great Britain and Russia admit in principle that fact of Italy’s interest in the maintenance of the political balance of power in the Mediterranean, and her rights, in case of a partition of Turkey, to a share, equal to theirs, in the basin of the Mediterranean Article 11 Italy is to get a share in the war indemnity corresponding to the magnitude of her sacrifices and efforts

  14. What is Fascism?

  15. Origin and Definition • No clear founding doctrine or manifestation in history • Commonly attributed to Giovanni Gentile • Fascism tends to include a belief in the supremacy of one national or ethnic group, a contempt for democracy, an insistence on obedience to a powerful leader, and a strong demagogic approach.

  16. What is Fascism Against? • Communism • Class struggle • Internationalism • Multi-party system • Liberal democracy • Pacifism

  17. Key Features of Fascism Nationalism Social Unity Militarism Authoritarian Social Darwinism

  18. Nationalism • Nation-state, its culture and history, as a unifying force • Desire to remove foreign influences • Own nation is superior to others

  19. Militarism • Political violence and war to as a means to revitalize society • Violence necessary for progress • Paramilitary organizations Italian Blackshirts

  20. Social Darwinism • Belief that races and nations have evolved as superior to others • “Survival of the fittest”

  21. Social Unity • Opposes class-based divisions in society • Promotes collective national society Workers assembly in an occupied Fiat factory, 1920

  22. Authoritarianism • Totalitarian • State has influence/control over all aspects of society • Strong leader or dictator • People are subservient to the state • “Obedience not discussion”- Benito Mussolini

  23. Militarism Authoritarianism To what extent does Japan during the 1930s resemble a fascist society? Fascism Nationalism Social Darwinism Social Unity

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