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Organization of the Human Body

Dive into the organization of the human body with a focus on anatomy vs. physiology, feedback loops, and regulation of body temperature to maintain homeostasis. Explore negative and positive feedback systems and their impacts on blood calcium levels and blood sugar regulation. Learn about anatomical positions, body regions, and directional terms in this fundamental guide.

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Organization of the Human Body

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  1. Organization of the Human Body

  2. Anatomy vs physiology Anatomy • The _____________ Physiology (fiz-e-ology) • How the structure__________ structure works

  3. Homeostasis balance • A state of _________ between a living thing and the ______________ environment

  4. Maintaining Homeostasis • The body uses feedback loops Components of feedback loops: • Receptor: • _____________ • Integrating center: • ________________ • Effector: • _________________ • Detects stimulus/change • Processes info • Causes response

  5. Continued • What happens if the body can’t reach homeostasis? • _________________ death

  6. Negative Feedback Systems • Activity of the effector __________ the stimulus • What is the result? • Change/stimulus ____________ reverses moves in the opposite direction Regulation of body Temp

  7. Negative Feedback • Dynamic process (ongoing) Integrating center responds Increase is detected Decrease Homeostasis Increase Decrease Detected Integrating center responds

  8. Negative Feedback Integrating center responds Increase is detected Decrease Homeostasis

  9. Negative Feedback Homeostasis Increase Decrease Detected Integrating center responds

  10. Negative Feedback • Dynamic process (ongoing) Integrating center responds Increase is detected Decrease Homeostasis Increase Decrease Detected Integrating center responds

  11. Positive Feedback Systems same direction • System moves in the _________________ as the change • What does this mean? • Condition/stimulus is _______________ • __________________ Contractions during labor • Reinforced • Continues in the same direction Clotting of blood

  12. How many legs does the elephant have?

  13. HELLO!!!!

  14. Stampede!!!! • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qmp4DjtWcuw • Are the actions of the participants an example of positive or negative feedback? Why? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJsYwehp_r4 • Are the responses of the Ellen’s victims an example of positive or negative feedback? Why?

  15. Examples of Feedback As a group discuss the following: • Provide two examples of negative feedback • Provide two examples of positive feedback

  16. Feedback Loop Stimulus Response Receptor Effector Integrating Center

  17. Homeostasis of Blood Calcium The bones and teeth contain approximately 99 percent of the calcium in the body, while the other 1 percent circulates in the blood. Too much calcium in the blood and too little calcium in the blood both have negative effects. If blood calcium levels decrease too much, the parathyroid glands activate their calcium-sensing receptors and release parathyroid hormone. PTH signals the bones to release calcium to increase the amount of calcium in the bloodstream.

  18. Regulation of Blood Sugar Stimulus Response Receptor Effector Integrating Center

  19. Discussion Question Discuss with your group • What would happen to the heart rate (would it increase or decrease) if some stimulus caused blood pressure to decrease? Would this occur by positive or negative feedback?

  20. The Anatomical Position • Eyes forward, feet together, plams facing up with the thumbs pointed out • Used as _____________ a reference/ directional point

  21. Is this person in the anatomical position? Figure 1.3

  22. Regional Terms Figure 1.4a

  23. Regional Terms Figure 1.4b

  24. Body Regions Questions • Where is a plantar wart located? • Where do you take an otic temperature? • If you have carpal tunnel syndrome where is your injury located? • Where is the axillary nerve located? • If humans had dorsal fins, where would the fin be located?

  25. Body Region Questions Continued • Women get botox to get rid of wrinkles in which body region? • Which body region is Homer always choking Bart? • Which body region is Dave Grohl’s goatee growing?

  26. Gaston • Describe Gaston using body region terms Zebra Which body region is the zebra showing you?

  27. A Quick Review • http://www.purposegames.com/game/f606295531 • http://www.wiley.com/college/apcentral/anatomydrill/

  28. Positional Terms Supine • Lying ___________ Prone • Lying __________ face up face down

  29. Descriptive Terms Toward/on Superficial • __________ the surface Deep • ________ from the surface Away

  30. Superficial vs Deep

  31. Directional Terms • http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP15305

  32. Directional Terms Superior • Toward the head or the above Inferior • Away from the head or below

  33. Superior Vs Inferior

  34. Directional Terms Anterior • Nearer to/at the front Posterior • Nearer to/at the back

  35. Anterior vs Posterior

  36. Directional Terms Medial • Nearer the midline Lateral • Farther from the **Midline = middle of body

  37. Medial vs Lateral

  38. Directional Terms ** only used to reference extremities (limbs) Distal • Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk Proximal • Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk Root Root

  39. Proximal vs Distal Proximal Distal Carpals Radius Clavicle Point of origin Phalanges Humerous

  40. Positional Terms Ventral • Front or belly Dorsal • Back

  41. Practice Superior or Inferior? • Abdomen is ________________ to the pectoral region • Oral region is ______________to the nose • Cervical region is __________to the tail bone Anterior/ventral or posterior/dorsal? • Nose is _______________ to the ear • Knuckles is __________ to the palm • Heel is ________________ to the toes Medial or lateral • Radius bone is _________________ to the ulna bone • Middle toe is ___________________to the big toe • Orbital region is _______________to the ear Proximal or distal • Fingers is ___________________to the carpal region • Upper arm is _______________to the clavicle • Lower leg is ________________to the thigh

  42. Directional Terms Practice • Write a statement for each of the six pairs of directional terms. The statement should show the relationship of each pair. • E.x. “The wrist is distal to the elbow, but the shoulder is proximal to the elbow.” • Use the following structures • Nose (use medial/lateral) • Ears (use superior/inferior) • Toes (use anterior/posterior) • Knees (use distal/proximal) • Scapula • Ribs • Heart • Fingers

  43. The Language of Anatomy • Write the following terms on the index cards at your lab bench • Superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, proximal, distal, ventral and dorsal • Then place them in the proper location on one of your lab partners.

  44. Directional Terms Review • Directional Terms Fill in http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Regional_Anatomy/Lesson_3 • Purpose Games http://www.purposegames.com/game/anatomy-directional-terms-quiz

  45. Body Planes • Frontal (Coronal) plane • Vertical • Divides body into anterior & posterior parts

  46. Body Planes • Transverse plane • Horizontally • Divides body into superior &inferior parts

  47. Body Planes • Oblique • Passes through at an angle • Midsagittal • Divides body/organ into EQUAL right & left halves • Parasagittal • Divides the body/organ into UNEQUAL right and left halves

  48. Anatomical Planes • Anatomical Planes Quiz http://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=identify-anatomical-planes-directions--human-body • Body Planes and Directional Terms http://www.purposegames.com/game/body-planes-and-directional-terms-game

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