The (Protestant) Reformation

1. The (Protestant) Reformation What does reform mean? Examples of present day reforms?

2. Birth of Protestantism • The Renaissance values of secularism and humanism stimulated criticism of the Catholic Church • Some Europeans wanted a change in the Church’s way of teaching and the practice of Christianity • In Germany, a push for church reform eventually produced a new form of Christianity known as Protestantism. • These events are known as the Protestant Reformation

3. Causes of the Reformation A: Prestige of the church called into question B: Corruption in the Catholic Church • Simony- sale of church offices • Absenteeism- getting paid but not working • Sale of indulgences- People paying $ to be absolved from sins • Moral decline of papacy

4. Renaissance Humanism Textual criticism and new translations of the Bible wanted: • From Latin to vernacular • Wanted Church leaders to display more secularism and individualism

5. Critics of the Church • C: Emphasized a personal relationship with God. Bible is sole authority. • Eramus (1466-1536) • In Praise of Folly, 1513 • * Criticized corruption of the church • Used humor to comment on monks, and papacy- was never outwardly disrespectful. • the most significant and influential figure in the Humanist movement • personally reform religion and education This is a big deal!

6. Martin Luther (1483-1546) and the 95 Theses (1517) • “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, the • soul from purgatory springs.” • Pope Leo X was raising money to rebuild St. Peter’s in Rome. • Sold Indulgences

7. Martin Luther (1483-1546) and the 95 Theses (1517) • 1) Opposed indulgences • 2) Luther QUESTIONED the SCRIPTURAL AUTHORITY OF THE POPE TO GRANT INDULGENCES • 3) PRINTING PRESS spread Luther’s work like wild fire! • 4) A person could be just simply by faith in God - “Justification by Faith”

8. Martin Luther continued • Salvation could be achieved through faith alone • · Rejected “good works” as the means to salvation but believed that “good works” • followed faith. • b. The Bible was the sole authority • c. Only two sacraments—baptism and communion— • were valid • church hierarchy of bishops and priests: no need

9. Propaganda from Martin Luther Jesus washes the feet of disciples The Pope makes others kiss his feet

10. Consequences of Luther’s Actions • Debates about God and Religion were common; at this point Luther wants reform of the Catholic Church. • But indulgence sales went down; Pope Leo X sends envoys to Germany to ask Luther to withdraw criticisms. • 1520-1521 • a. Luther denied both the infallibility of the pope and • the infallibility of a general council • b. Luther claimed that the Church had erred when it executed Jan Hus for heresy. • c. This was the point of no return for Luther; excommunicated. • Luther threw the papal bull that excommunicated him into a fire.

11. Martin Luther Rebel or Sincere Believer? • Council of Worms, Germany • Tribunal of the Holy Roman Empire with power to • outlaw and sentence execution through stake- • Burning • Told Luther to recant. He said NO!!!!!!! • Charles V: “A single friar who goes counter to all Christianity for 1,000 years must be wrong.” • 1523, Luther translated the Bible into the vernacular. • Confessions of Augsburg (1530)- an attempted compromise…

12. Peasants’ War/ German Peasant Revolt • Swabian Peasants • 12 Articles, 1525 • Peasants demanded end of serfdom and tithes; end to feudalism • Peasants inspired by Luther but Luther opposes the violence… hypocracy!!!

13. Geographical Patterns of Reformation • Lutheranism spread thru many German states in the North. • *** Political motivation could take church land and make money • Emperor Charles V wanted Catholicism. • German princes form the League of Schmalkalden, 1531 • Denmark and Sweden became Lutheran states • Unlike Calvinism which spread thru W. Europe and parts of New World

14. Germany Dealing with France • France attempted to halt the German states from accepting Protestantism. • Peace of Augsburg (1555)- Princes could choose what religion • Led to permanent religious diff. in parts of Germany and also stunted the unification.

15. Anabaptists • Characteristics 1) Voluntary association of believers with no connection or allegiance to any state. 2) Rejected secular agreements, refused to take civil oaths, pay taxes, hold public office, or serve in the military 3) Did not believe in childhood baptism since only adults could make the decision to commit to Christ 4) As millenarians, they believed the end of the world was near. 5) Rejected the idea of the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) • In 1532, a radical group of Anabaptists took control of the northwestern German city of Münster. • Led by John of Leyden (1509-1536) Women also served as leaders of the movement . All books except the Bible were burned in the city The Anabaptists began killing some Lutherans and Catholics Tragedy at Münster (1534) • Combined armies of Protestant and Catholic forces • Mennonites, Unitarians, Quakers…

16. John Calvin, 1509-1564 • Predestination: Since God is all knowing, he already knows who is going to Heaven and Hell. • Therefore, practicing good works is not enough. BUT • Good works are a sign that one has been chosen!

17. John Calvin Continued • Calvin est. a theocracy in Geneva by 1540 • Home to Protestant Exiles • Calvinism: uncompromising. No drinking, singing, dancing, gambling etc. • Protestant Work Ethic hard work and accompanying financial success as a sign that God was pleased. • Spread of Calvinism impacts the development of Presbyterianism, Huguenots, Dutch Reformed Church, Puritans • Name three countries which are heavily Catholic

18. The English Reformation William Tyndale Translated the English Bible in 1526 Hunted down and executed bec. only Latin or Greek translations allowed

19. Henry VIII (1509-1547) • Originally supported Catholicism and Pope in the Defense of Seven Sacraments • But things changed when Henry sought an annulment from his wife, Catherine of Aragon bc NO SON • Fears: • 1) NO son = no preservation of Tudor Monarchy • 2) Mary betrothed to France dauphin, aka France could make claim to English throne

20. Henry VIII: Church of England vs. Catholic Church • 1) Pope is not going to allow the annulment • 2) Breaks from Catholic Church and forms Church of England aka Anglican Church • 3)1534- Act of Supremacy makes King officially the head of the Church • Catholic lands confiscated (25% of all England)

21. Oh Henry You Crazy! • Monasteries closed • Act of Succession 1534- All subjects take oath of loyalty to the king as head of Anglican Church • 1536- Pilgrimage of Grace, Opposition in North • 6 wives- Henry’s 3rd wife had Edward VI • 1539, Statute of the Six Articles- Anglican Church maintained most of Catholic doctines.

22. The Continuation of English Monarchs • Edward VI (1547-1553) 1. Ten-years-old when he became king. • Strong Protestant advisers. • Adopted Calvinism • NEW PRACTICES · Clergy could marry · Iconic images removed from churches • · Communion by the laity was expanded • b. New doctrines • · Salvation by faith alone • · Denial of transubstantiation • · Only two sacraments: baptism and communion • Mary Tudor • Mary rescinded reformation legislation of Henry’s and Edward’s reign • Marian exiles: Protestants fled England fearing persecution. • 5. 300 people executed including bishops and Archbishop Cranmer; Her opponents called her “Bloody Mary”

23. Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) • Effectively oversaw the development of Protestantism • in England • a. Politique: she was a practical politician who • carefully navigated a middle ground between • Anglicanism and Protestantism • b. Puritans (Calvinists) sought to reform

24. Elizabeth Continued • Elizabethan Settlement” • Elizabeth and Parliament required conformity to the Church of England but people were, in effect, allowed to • worship Protestantism and Catholicism privately • a. Some church practices, including ritual, resembled • Catholic practices. • “· Book of Common Prayer instituted in 1559. • b. Catholicism remained, especially among the gentry, but could not be practiced openly. • c. Services given in English • d. Monasteries not re-established. • e. Clergy not allowed to marry. • f. Everyone required to attend church services of the • Anglican Church (fined if absent)

25. Elizabeth and Mary Stuart • Some Catholics unsuccessfully plotted assassination • attempts and invasions against Elizabeth. • a. Sought to place Mary Stuart (Queen of Scots) on the throne. • b. To remove the threat, Elizabeth agreed to the execution of Mary in 1587 • 6. Elizabeth’s long and successful reign place her among • the greatest European rulers in European history.

26. Impact of the Reformation on Women • Protestant Women: • Luther believed that a woman’s occupation was in the • home taking care of the family • 2. Calvin believed in the subjugation of women to • preserve moral order. • 3. Protestant churches had greater official control over marriage than did the Catholic church • a. Suppressed common law marriages • Marriage became more companionate, emphasizing the love relationship between man and wife. • Increased emphasis on teaching people to read the Bible resulted in an increase in women’s literacy. • Protestant women, however, lost opportunities in church service that many Catholic women pursued 7. Women gradually lost rights to manage their own property or to make legal transactions in their own name.

27. Catholic Women • Women continued to enjoy opportunities in the Church through religious orders Angela Merici (1474-1540) • a. Founded the Ursuline Order of Nuns in the • 1530s to provide education and religious training. • b. Sought to combat heresy through Christian education. • Approved as a religious community by Paul III in 1544. • Believed an individual could have a direct relationship with God through prayer and contemplation

28. Results of the Reformation A. The unity of Western Christianity was shattered. • Northern Europe (Scandinavia, England, much of • Germany, parts of France, Switzerland, & Scotland) adopted Protestantism. B. Religious enthusiasm was rekindled – similar enthusiasm not seen since far back into the Middle Ages. C. Abuses in the RCC remedied: simony, pluralism, immoral or badly educated clergy were considerably remedied by the 17th century. D. Religious wars broke out in Europe for well over a century.

29. The Counter Reformation Pope Paul III • 1. Rather than instituting new doctrines, he sought to • improve church discipline through existing doctrine. • 2. The Catholic Reformation was both a response to the • gains of Protestantism and the response to critics • within the church that abuses needed to be reformed.

30. Council of Trent (1545-1563) • Council of Trent (3 sessions 1545-1563): established Catholic dogma for the next four centuries • 1. Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers • 2. Salvation by both “good works” and faith • 3. All 7 sacraments valid; transubstantiation reaffirmed • 4. Monasticism, celibacy of clergy, and purgatory • reaffirmed • 5. Approved the Index of Forbidden Books • a. Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church (e.g. Erasmus) were • banned from Catholic countries. • B. Anyone possessing books listed in the Index could be punished severely. • 6. Church reforms: abuses in sale of indulgences curtailed, sale of church offices curtailed, bishops given greater control over clergy, seminaries established to train priests

31. New Religious Orders • 1) Jesuits • Jesuits (Society of Jesus) (1540) • a. 3 goals: • · reform the church through education • · spread the Gospel to pagan peoples • · fight Protestantism • b. IgnatiousLoyala (1491-1556): founder • · Jesuits were organized in military fashion • · Spiritual Exercises: Loyola’s guidebook that • was used to train Jesuits • c. Beginning in 1542, the Jesuits oversaw both the • Spanish and Italian Inquisitions • · Spain: persecution of “Moriscos” (Christian • Moors) & Christian Jews who were suspected of • backsliding to their original faiths • · Italy, Pope Paul IV issued a papal bull accusing • Jews of killing Christ and ordering that Jews be • placed in ghettos in the Papal States • · The persecution of Jews throughout Europe • increased as a result

32. Baroque Art The Colonnade in the piazza in front of St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican, 1656-1667 Canopy over the high altar of St. Peter’s Cathedral, 1624-33

33. Baroque Art • D. Baroque Art as part of the Catholic Reformation • 1. Began in Catholic Reformation countries to teach in a concrete and emotional way and demonstrate the glory and power of the Catholic Church • a. Encouraged by the papacy and the Jesuits • b. Prominent in France, Flanders, Austria, southern • Germany and Poland • 2. Spread later to Protestant countries such as the • Netherlands and northern Germany and England • 3. Sought to overwhelm the viewer: Emphasized • grandeur, emotion, movement, spaciousness and • unity surrounding a certain theme • 4. Architecture and sculpture • a. Baroque architecture reflected the image and • power of absolute monarchs and the Catholic • Church • Characteristics • · Stressed broad areas of light and shadow • rather than on linear arrangements of the High • Renaissance. • · Color was an important element as it appealed • to the senses and more true to nature. • · Not concerned with clarity of detail as with • overall dynamic effect. • · Designed to give a spontaneous personal • experience.