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III. Accessory Digestive Organs

III. Accessory Digestive Organs. A. Pancreas. 1. pancreatic duct. 2. enzymes. - trypsin. - lipase. - amylase. - nucleases. digestion is basically completed by intestinal enzymes. 3. bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 - ). 4. hormones. - insulin. - glucagon. B. Liver. 1. bile.

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III. Accessory Digestive Organs

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  1. III. Accessory Digestive Organs A. Pancreas 1. pancreatic duct 2. enzymes - trypsin - lipase - amylase - nucleases digestion is basically completed by intestinal enzymes

  2. 3. bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) 4. hormones - insulin - glucagon

  3. B. Liver 1. bile - pigments and bile salts - emulsification 2. gallbladder 3. detoxification 4. glucose  glycogen insulin vs. glucagon

  4. I. Animal Reproduction A. Asexual 1. fission 2. budding 3. parthenogenesis

  5. B. Sexual 1. gametes  zygote

  6. 2. hermaphroditism - most are not self-fertilizers

  7. 3. sex determination a. Y chromosome (many animals, all mammals) - indifferent gonads in embryo

  8. b. Z and W chromosomes (birds and some fish) - male is ZZ, female is ZW - egg carries either Z or W c. most ants and bees - females are from fertilized eggs (are diploid) - males are from unfertilized eggs (are haploid)

  9. 4. types of sexual reproduction a. oviparity - externally laid eggs - birds, most reptiles and amphibians

  10. b. ovoviviparity - internal eggs - some reptiles, many fish (including most sharks)

  11. c. viviparity - developing young nourished by mother (such as with a placenta) - most mammals, some snakes and lizards, some fish

  12. II. External Fertilization A. Bony fish B. Amphibians

  13. III. Internal Fertilization Several types 1. birds 2. reptiles

  14. 3. mammals - monotremes - marsupials

  15. - placental - estrous cycle

  16. IV. Males A. Sperm 1. production and secretion a. testes - descend

  17. b. seminiferous tubules (site of sperm production) c. epididymis - sperm stored and mature - become motile

  18. d. vas deferens e. urethra

  19. 2. scrotum - temperature regulation 3. testosterone

  20. B. Penis 1. 3 cylinders of cavernous tissue - usually retractable 2. dilation of arterioles/closure of venules 3. ejaculation - around 2-5 ml of semen - 50-130 million sperm per ml - < 20 million per ml = infertile

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