Chapter 25 New Global Patterns

1. Chapter 25 New Global Patterns Section 1 Japan Modernizes

2. No Power- Symbol Supreme Military Dictators- Held the most power Landholding Warrior Lords Fighters Merchants Peasants

3. Discontent in Tokugawa Japan • 1603- Tokugawas seize power • Isolationism- closed to foreigners, no one could leave • Focused on farming and trading within Japan • Diamyo- No $, just land • Samurai- No $ • Merchants- Had $, but no pol. power or respect • Peasants- Suffered heavy taxes • Everyone starts to resent the Shogun; they lose power

4. Japan Opens Up • External Pressure & Internal Revolt • Matthew Perry- note from Fillmore demanding for Japan to open ports (1853) • Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) agreed to open 2 ports to American ships • Europeans make demands • Japan is humiliated by unequal treaties; bitter toward Shogun

5. 1867- Diamyo and Samurai revolt; restored Mitsuhito to power • Took the name Meiji after being crowned • Moved capital to Edo and renamed it Tokyo • Meiji Restoration (1868 - 1912) • “A rich country, a strong military” • Study Western ways, adapt to Japanese needs • Traveled to study Western governments, economies, technologies, and customs • Brought in Western experts • Sent young samurai abroad

6. The Meiji Transformation • A Modern Government • Adapted the German model • 1889- Meiji constitution • Citizens equal before the law • Emperor had autocratic power • Diet- one house elected, one house appointed by emperor • Western style bureaucracy,technology to strengthen military, ended samurai privileges, and subjected all men to military service

7. Industrialization • Adopt Western methods: banking system, RR, ports, and communication • Gov. built factories then sold them to zaibatsu • Become industrial powerhouse/urbanization • Changes in Society • Hired Westerners to teach the new generation • Literacy increased, some women gained education but still secondary in society- lumped in with minors • An Amazing Success • Homogeneous society- common culture and language • Determined to resist foreign rule; revised unequal treaties

8. Japan’s Growing Military Strength • Japan lacked natural resources- sought to build an empire • Korea • Competition among Russia, China, and Japan • Had been a tributary state of China for many years • Independent but acknowledged supremacy of a stronger state • Shut its doors to foreigners, but maintained relations with China and sometimes Japan • 1876- Japan used superior power to force trade • Unequal treaties

9. Japan Gains Power • Influence over Korea creates competition with China • First Sino-Japanese War • China had greater resources, Japan was modernized • Japan won easily- gained treaty ports in China and control of Taiwan • Russo-Japanese War: erupted over Korea and Manchuria • Again, Japan won • 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth- Japan wins Korea and parts of Manchuria • Japan Rules Korea • Makes it a protectorate then absorbed it into the empire • Modernized it to help Japan; imposed harsh rule • March First Movement 1919- nonviolent protests begin; Japan squashes • By the early 1900s, Japan was the strongest power in Asia