How to make nouns and adjectives plural & how to conjugate verbs

1. How to make nouns and adjectives plural & how to conjugate verbs Hoy es: martes, 22-10-13

2. Making Nouns Plural • If a noun ends in an unstressed vowel (or in a stressed “e”), add an “s” to the ends of the word. • El cuaderno de la clase de españolbecomes Los cuadernos de la clase de español. • La plumabecomeslasplumas • La callebecomeslascalles • Unamuchachabecomesunasmuchachas Notice the article also changes from singular to plural!

3. Nouns ending in a consonant or in a stresed “a”, “i”, “o”, or “u” • If a noun ends in consonant (or in a stresed “a”, “i”, “o”, or “u”), simply add “es” to the end of the word. • La ciudad becomes lasciudades • La canción becomes lascanciones • Un camarón becomes unoscamarones. • Exception: if the ending is “s” or “x” and the last syllable is not stressed, “es” is not added and you use the plural article. • El oasis becomes los oasis.

4. Nouns ending in “z” • When a noun ends in “z”, change the “z” to “c” to make the noun plural and still add –esat the end. • Ejemplos: • Root in Spanish is la raízlasraíces • Voice in Spanish is la voz la voces • Pencil is Spanish is el lápiz los lápices • Actress in Spanish is la actrizlasactrices

5. What about Spanish adjectives?

6. Adjetivos • Adjective (adjetivos)- a word that describes a noun or distinguishes it from a group of other nouns. • In English an adjective comes before the word it describes and has one form. • Ex: the red car the red cars Before car it has the same form even though there are more cars. • In Spanish, adjectives come after the noun and must agree with it in number and gender. • Ex: la niñafea. • Los muchachosaltos. • La mujerfeliz.

7. Ejemplos (examples) Adjectives that end in “o” have four forms: Masculine, feminine, singular, and plural Adjectives that end in “e” or a consonant have only two forms.

8. Adjectives ending in “z” • Ejemplo • Feliz – felices (happy) • Capaz – capaces (capable) • Precoz – precoces (precocious) • Audaz – audaces (daring) • Incapaz – incapaces (incapable) • Please note that the letter “C” sounds like ‘k’ when paired with “a, o, and u” • It makes the soft ‘c’ sound when paired with “e and i”

9. How to conjugate verbsVocabulary Verb base (stem or root): All infinitives (the verb in its pure form) end in eitheir-ar, -er, or -ir. When you drop these, you are left with the verb base. Conjugation of verbs means changing the verb from its infinitive so that it agrees with the subject (actor) For example: “to sing” (infinitive- no action) to “Mary sings” We conjugate verbs in Spanish by first taking the “base” from the infinitive form of the verb and adding the new “verb ending” (what you add to the verb base in order to conjugate the verb)

10. Conjugation of verbs • Once we have the base of the verb, we add the appropriate ending. The ending we add to the verb will depend on the tense of the verb. For example: hablar is an infinitive Habl is the base of the verb, because the “ar” ending has been removed from the infinitive. • There are 3 types of infinitive verb endings in Spanish: • “ar” • “ir” • “er”

11. Regular –arendings Hablar – to talk Common –ar verbs Amar to love Andar to walk mirar to watch tomar to drink Bailar to dance Entrar to enter preparar to prepare haba Subject + Verb base + Verb ending Yohabl o = Yohablo

12. Regular –erendings Cingular Plural Yo o Túes Él e Ella e Usted e Nosotros/as emos Vosotros/as éis Ellos/as en Ustedes en Common –er verbs Aprender to learn comprender to understand Beber to drink romper to break Comer to eat leer to read

13. Regular –irverbs • Plural Nosotros/as imos Vosotros/as ís Ellos/as en Ustedes en Cingular Yo o Túes Él e Ella e Usted e Common –ir verbs vivir to live escribir to write abrir to open unir to unite decidir to decide discutir to discuss subir to climb recibir to receive

14. Vocabulario- write these down and conjugate them in all 5 (subject pronouns) forms • Hablar (to speak) • Comprender (to understand) • Estudiar (to study) • Cantar (to sing) • Vender (to sell) • Trabajar (to work) • Vivir to (live) • Existir (to exist) • Escribir (to write) • Cometer (un error) (to make a mistake) • Leer (to read)

15. Práctica -write these questions and answer them in your Spanish journal. Please write your answers in Spanish • Remember that when the subject pronoun is understood, you may omit it. • Ejemplo Do you speak English? Síhablo ingles. Do you understand? Síentiendo. • Do you (plural familiar) study a lot? • Does he sing well? • Does he work here? • Do they live there? • Do unicorns exist? • Does she write books? • Does he make many mistakes? • Do you read in the library? • Does she understand?