POST-2012 ISSUES:DEVELOPING COUNTRY PERSPECTIVES

1. POST-2012 ISSUES:DEVELOPING COUNTRY PERSPECTIVES ECBI-Gabarone 23rd Sept 2008

2. Layout • Background • Vulnerability of Africa to climate variability and change • Overview of Implementation issues • Post 2012 Issues and Challenges

3. Background • Climate Change (CC) issue continues to gain momentum • G8+5, CC agenda • Meetings of the 15 Major Emitters • CC Ministerial in Argentina –Sept • Ministerial Consultations in Algiers,Niger-November • International priority • UNFCCC & Kyoto Meetings – March,May to June,August • continues to be in the CSD themes • COP13 & MOP3 – Nov to Dec 2008 in Bali Indonesia

4. Africa’s vulnerability to climate change impacts • Climate change is already happening • Vulnerable sectors include • Water • Health • Agriculture • Biodiversity • Intensity & frequency of extreme weather - increasing costs of disaster management beyond affordable limits • These climate change impacts are already starting to undermine our sustainable development • The poor, in particular, extremely vulnerable

5. Regional Implementation Issues • Institutional weakness – • Political awareness of decision makers of threats • Political institutional framework needs to be established • Broader public awareness of vulnerability & measures • Lack of capacity to participate in key international agreements & institutions eg. GEF & MEA’s • Weak technical capacity • Scientific & technical capacity • Coordination, administrative & regulatory at national levels

6. Regional Implementation Issues • Access to funding • Africa benefiting least from opportunities • Poor capacity to meet the “red tape” requirements of funders • Resource allocation framework of GEF hinders access to GEF by Africa • Access to opportunity • Poor capacity to take advantage of opportunities (eg CDM; Technology transfer)

7. Global Implementation Issues • Inadequate implementation or compliance with commitments under the convention by Annex 1 countries • Inadequate & unpredictable funding of the key issues – particularly adaptation • Capacity building • Poor access to technology and progress on Technology transfer agreements

8. Post 2012 Issues and Challenges • Convention - aims to bring developed country GHG emissions back to 1990 levels toward stabilisation of concentrations • Kyoto - aims to reduce overall developed country emissions by about 5% below 1990 levels over ‘first commitment period’ 2008-2012 • How do Kyoto Parties select a level of ambition for themselves? • How can the Convention also drive reductions and address impacts

9. BALI CLIMATE CONFERENCE:COP13/MOP3 • Focus of the Bali Conference was on post-2012 issues seeking agreement on a two year process or “Bali Roadmap”to finalise a post-2012 regime by COP15 in December 2009. • Sets out”tracks” under the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol • Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group (AWG) • Open to all Parties • Considers future commitments for Annex I Parties • Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-tem Cooperative Action under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change • Open to all Parties • Considers cooperative action to enhance existing global agreement under UNFCCC

10. Bali Cont. • The plan identifies four key elements: • mitigation,adaptation,finance and technology • The plan also contains a non-exhaustive list of issues to be considered under each of these areas and calls for addressing a “ shared vision for long-term cooperative action” • Plan for activities and meetings for 2008/2009 • Considered preparations for the review of the Protocol under Article 9 to take place in Poznan,isuues to b covered include CDM,IPCCAR 4,adaptation, implementation,effectiveness and compliance

11. AWG-LCA1/2 and AWG-KP5 part and 2,Bangkok/Bonn • Focus of the LCA was the development of 2008 Workprogramme.The programme aims to further discussions on all elements at every session in a “coherent and,intergrated and transparent manner”and establishes a timetable for eight in-session workshops in 2008/3wkshops that considered,adaptation,finance &technlogy-shared vision on long term cooperative action and climate change mitigation • KP- convened an in-session wkshop on analyzing the means for Annex1 to reach their emission reduction targets. Conclusions-the flexible mechanisms cont.post-2012 and be supplemental to domestic action

12. Bonn cont/Accra AWG-LCA3 &1st part of AWG-KP6 • KP-Focused on means for Annex1 to reach emission reduction targets,focussing onflexibl mechanisms,LULUCF,GHGs ,Sectors and Source categories possible approches targetting sectoral emissions and methodological issues • LCA-focused on the key elements outlined in the Bali Action Plan (decision 1/ CP.13), including a “shared vision for long-term cooperative action,” mitigation, adaptation, technology and financing-in-session workshops on cooperative sectoral approaches and sector-specific actions, and on policy incentives on issues relating to REDD and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancements of forest carbon stocks in developing countries.

13. LCA 3 Cont • Three contact groups : “enhanced action on adaptation and its associated means of implementation,” “enhanced action on mitigation and its associated means of implementation,” and “delivering on technology and finance, including consideration of institutional arrangements. • Issues related to mitigation and associated means of implementation -on sectoral approaches and sector-specific actions and on REDD, conservation and sustainable forest management. • distinction between mitigation commitments of developed countries and mitigation actions of developing countries(G77)

14. LCA 3Cont. • Annex1 to show the lead in emission • Recognition of Historical Responsibilities • Recognition of mitigation actions in developing countries • Differentiation among NA1 contentious. The G-77/China and the African Group strongly opposed differentiation of parties beyond that of the Convention with highlights of per capita criteria disadvantage of small countries • No agreement on the group mandate to make amendments to the Convention or the Protocol • G77- focusing on the implementation of the Convention.

15. LCA3 Cont-Adaptation and Means of Implementation • AOSIS proposed an adaptation framework, containing mechanisms on financial resources and on building resilience and adapting to the impacts of climate change. • The EU -scaling up of financial resources and investment for adaptation, integration of adaptation into national planning, and support for vulnerable countries to formulate adaptation plans and programmes. • The Africa-Regional implementation initiative to involve a network of African centers of excellence and implementation of pilot projects. • Non-Implementaion of NAPAs

16. LCA3-DELIVERING ON TECHNOLOGY AND FINANCE • New proposals for finance and technology, such as a Convention financial mechanism and a technology transfer mechanism, were introduced by the G-77/China, in addition to the EU proposal on technology transfer. • On finance- sources of funding, developing countries noted financing should come from Annex I countries, while some developed countries, insist on the importance of the private sector and the need for using carbon markets and innovative financial instruments. • Issues raisedon conditionalites-Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness

17. AWG-KP6,Part 1 • Analysis of Means to reach emission reduction targets and identification of ways to enhance their effectiveness and contribution to sustainable development • Pre-occupation was with Sectoral Approaches that was rejected by NA1 • EMISSIONS TRADING AND THE PROJECT-BASED MECHANISMS:The conclusions contain two annexes, Annex I contains a list of possible improvements to the mechanisms that have a potentially significant implication for the ability of Annex I parties to achieve mitigation objectives. Annex II contains other possible improvements to the mechanisms, referring to those elements which, may not have a significant implication on Annex I parties’ mitigation ability

18. KP-LAND USE, LAND-USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY • G-77/China - afforestation and reforestation project activities should remain eligible,means to enhance implementation of these activities should be addressed incl.maintaining temporary credits for forests that are intact and monitored. Concerns about the vulnerability of forests, suggestions to define a timeframe for non-permanence. • The EU stressed that non-permanence reversals require compensation. • OTHER ISSUES: related to greenhouse gases, sectors and source categories, possible approaches targeting sectoral emissions, consideration of relevant methodological issues, and spillover effects

19. Conclusions • With the AWG-LCA 2008 workprogramme agreed , parties have began an exchange of ideas and opinions on the elements of the Bali Action Plan. Discussions are still is at a general level, focused on fostering understanding of issues to be considered by the AWG-LCA (a shared vision, adaptation, mitigation and financing and technology). In Accra, more detailed and substantive discussions began in contact groups. The discusions could get more substantive from Poznan, which should mark the end of the pre-negotiation phase and open the door to formal negotiations in 2009. • In the AWG-KP mot of see no progress possibly mrking time for the LCA discussions to draw level?

20. Concl. • But forAfrica I go back to the earlier slides. • Where are we now? How do we really make our voices to be heard and have those issues that have been at the core of our concerns addressed? How can the position that we have put forward on adaptation for example made more robust and really work for us?