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Human Systems

Human Systems. Let’s talk digestion. Why do we need to digest food?. To get the nutrients needed for our body to function by making it small enough to pass through our cell membranes. Major events of digestion: Ingestion Digestion Absorption Transport . Making molecules your own.

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Human Systems

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  1. Human Systems Let’s talk digestion

  2. Why do we need to digest food? • To get the nutrients needed for our body to function by making it small enough to pass through our cell membranes. • Major events of digestion: • Ingestion • Digestion • Absorption • Transport

  3. Making molecules your own • Most of the foods you eat are composed of plant or animal cells. • When we digest foods we break them down into their smallest components (by way of hydrolysis). • These components then can be reassembled into larger molecules that are useful to our bodies.

  4. Molecules we eat to get the molecules we need

  5. The roles of enzymes during digestion • You have certain enzymes for specific food types. • They act as catalysts for reactions • They help a reaction proceed at high rates in lower temperatures. • Below are some examples of digestive enzymes

  6. Digestive system (alimentary canal) • Alimentary canal consists of: • Mouth • Oesophagus (esophagus) • Stomach • Small intestine • Large intestine (colon) • rectum

  7. Oesophagus (esophagus) • Food is first chewed by the mouth with the help of saliva which carries amylase enzymes and is then swallowed down the oesophagus. Food travels down the oesophagus by a sequential series of smooth muscle contractions: peristalsis

  8. Stomach • Food is held here for a period of ~2hrs. • This is so gastric juices have a chance to mix the food. • pepsin is most effective in lower pH’s so the hydrochloric acid not only breaks down food but provides an environment for pepsin to be active. Mucus lines the inside of the stomach to prevent damage that may be causes by the hydrochloric acid

  9. Small Intestine • When food finishes in the stomach it is deposited into the 1st part of the small intestine called: duodenum Trypsin (a protease), lipase, & bicarbonate

  10. Pancreas, Liver, & Gall bladder • Liver: makes & secretes bile to emulsify fats. The bile is sent to the duodenum. Stores excess glucose in the form of glycogen. • Pancreas: secretes digestive juices (pancreatic lipase) in the duodenum. • Gall Bladder: holds the bile until sent to the duodenum.

  11. Villi of the small intestine Why is your small intestine infested with villi?

  12. Function of villi • Location of absorption of molecules • All but the fatty acids are absorbed into the capillaries. • Fatty acids are absorbed into the lacteal. • Lacteal is a vessel that is part of the lymphatic system • Villi are thin for easy absorption & has an abundance of capillaries and lymph vessels. • All absorbed molecules are taken to body cells by the circulatory system • Nutrient molecule can be used for energy (glucose) or as a component to build a larger molecule (amino acids). • The process of building a bigger molecule is called: assimilation

  13. Large intestine (colon) • After the absorption of nutrients is finished in the small intestine; what is left moves through to the large intestine along with the water. • Main function: water absorption • Home of bacteria Escherichia coli • We provide food, water, & warm environment & they provide us with vitamin K & maintain a healthy environment for us. • Anything left is eliminated as solid waste through the anus

  14. Where does the breakdown of food end & the absorption of nutrients begin? • While food is still being broken down in the duodenum, it begins to be absorbed by the lower part of the small intestine. • By the time food is in the colon, it is no longer being digested, but water is still being absorbed.

  15. What’s the difference between the digestive system & the excretory system? Excretory- filters excess salts, water, & nitrogenous waste out of the blood stream. Digestive- breaks down & absorbs nutrients from food.

  16. Good things to eat for a good digestive system FIBER, FOLIC ACID, & CALCIUM

  17. Fiber • Fiber is not digested by our body. If helps us not be constipated, helps lower cholesterol & glucose levels • There are 2 types: • Soluble-dissolves in water & becomes gel-like; helps lower cholesterol by lowering low-density lipoprotein, or "bad," cholesterol levels & glucose levels by slowing the absorption of sugar. • Apples, oats, citrus fruits, peas, beans… • Insoluble- does not dissolve in water; promotes movement of material through digestive system • Whole-wheat flour, wheat bran, nuts, beans and vegetables

  18. How much fiber do you need? • How much fiber do you need each day? The Institute of Medicine, which provides science-based advice on matters of medicine and health, gives the following daily recommendations for adults: Institute of Medicine, 2012

  19. Folic acid (a type of vitamin B) • Key for growth and metabolism • It aids in rapid cell division (which occurs in the stomach lining) • Folic acid supplements are standard for pregnant women and women who plan to become pregnant. • lower the risk of preeclampsia and early labor. • Reduces the risk for devastating birth defects of a baby’s brain and spine -- spina bifida and anencephaly -- by 50% to 70%.

  20. How much folic acid do you need? The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) includes the folic acid you get from both the food you eat and any supplements you take.

  21. Calcium Calcium Requirements SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN AGES 4 TO 8 REQUIRE 1,000 MG OF CALCIUMPER DAY. AS CHILDREN REACH PUBERTY, A TIME OF INCREASED GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, FROM AGE 9 TO 18, CALCIUM REQUIREMENTS INCREASE TO 1,300 MG EACH DAY. DURING ADULTHOOD, AGES 19 TO 50, CALCIUM REQUIREMENTS DROP BACK TO 1,000 MG EACH DAY. ADULTS OVER THE AGE OF 50 REQUIRE 1,200 MG OF CALCIUM PER DAY. • Helps promote good teeth.

  22. Digestive Disorders Celiac disease: the body's immune system is triggered by gluten in food. Antibodies attack the intestinal lining, damaging, flattening, or destroying the tiny hair-like projections (villi) in the small intestine. Damaged villi can't effectively absorb nutrients through the intestinal wall. As a result, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals get passed through the stool. Over time, this can lead to malnutrition. Lactose Intolerance- body is lacking the enzyme (lactase) to break down the sugar in milk or other dairy products. Constipation: Best avoided through regular exercise and a diet high in fiber from whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. To older folks, who tend to get constipated more frequently: Be sure you're hydrating properly and aware of any medications that might be causing the holdup.

  23. A challenge….an inexpensive colon check up. Eat a half cup of corn and record the date and time of consumption. Keep an eye out for the corn to come out in your bowel movement. While you are looking at your feces, observe the color, shape, density and frequency.

  24. Checking your “poop” IDEAL Density: Color: Shape: Frequency: sinks floats/sinks slowly floats Black-coffee brown coffee-with-cream yellowish brown Eat more fiber Eat fewer processed foods Eat less fiber Lower your stress level Rounded, small piecessize & shape of your colondiarrhea Less than once per day 1-3 times/day 3+ times/day

  25. What about other organisms?

  26. Gastrovascular Cavity Mouth and anus are the same opening

  27. Food is moistened and stored in the crop. Most of the digestion occurs. Gizzard pulverizes food

  28. Circulatory System Pumps your blood!!!

  29. The Human Heart“Pumps Your Blood” Valves close to prevent backflow venules arterioles Closing of the valves produces the “lub dub” sound of you heart

  30. A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. From this point in the artery, how many capillary beds must this red blood cell pass through before it returns to the left ventricle of the heart?  

  31. Control of your heart rate • Hearts are made of muscle tissue; cardiac muscle. • Contracts & relaxes = myogenic muscle contraction • Mass of tissue in the right atrium known as the sinoatrial node (SA node) • Acts as a pacemaker by sending electrical signals for the artrias to contract (aka stimulate the myogenic contraction) • 2nd mass is known as the atrioventricular node (AV node) • On a 0.1 second delay from the SA node in which it sends a signal for both ventricles to contract.

  32. What happens during exercise? • Increased demand for oxygen so heart beat speeds up. • Also an increased build up of CO2 in the bloodstream. • The medulla chemically senses the rise of CO2 • sends signal through the cardiac nerve to the SA node to increase your heart rate • Later sends another signal to decrease heart rate through the vagus nerve

  33. Adrenaline • Chemical that is able to influence your heart rate. • High stress times and times of excitement triggers the adrenal glands to release adrenaline into your bloodstream. • The SA node “fires” more frequently causing an increase in your heart rate.

  34. The different blood vessels Arteries- take blood away from heart thick walled internal pressure is high Veins- return blood from capillaries to the heart thin walled internal pressure is low have internal valves Valves close to prevent backflow Capillaries- thin walled (fits one cell at a time) all exchanges occur here internal pressure low

  35. Components of blood leucocytes erythrocytes WHAT IS TRANSPORTED BY OUR BLOOD? NUTRIENTS HORMONES OXYGEN ANTIBODIES HEAT CARBON DIOXIDE UREA

  36. Vertebrate circulatory systems

  37. You are now going to diagram the circulatory system!!!! Using only the pumps your blood song

  38. Pump, pump, pumps your blood. The right atrium's where the process begins, Where the C02 blood enters the heart Through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle The pulmonary artery and lungs. Once inside the lungs it dumps its carbon dioxide And picks up its oxygen supply Then it's back to the heart through the pulmonary vein Through the atrium and left ventricle." "Pump, pump, pumps your blood. "The aortic valve’s where the blood leaves the heart Then it's channeled to the rest of the bod The arteries, arterioles, and capillaries too Bring the oxygenated blood to the cells The tissues and the cells trade off waste and CO2 Which is carried through the venules and the veins Through the larger vena cava to the atrium and lungs And we're back to where we started in the heart. Pump, pump, pump, pumps your blood

  39. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM GAS EXCHANGE

  40. Anatomy of the respiratory system Our lungs act together with our heart & blood vessels

  41. Overview of our respiratory system • Aerobic cell respiration • Ventilation Process of delivering oxygen to our cells and releasing CO2 -chemical bonds in a glucose molecule are broken to release energy. Energy is then stored as ATP. -Process requires O2 & the C molecules in glucose are given off as a CO2 molecule Breathing in air to our lungs and releasing CO2 into the air from our lungs -oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the bloodstream by way of the alveoli & capillaries. CO2 diffuses the same way in reverse.

  42. Why do we need a ventilation system for gas exchange? Why can’t we just take in oxygen by diffusion through our cells? Our bodies are too thick. Only the cells exposed to the outside would participate in the gas exchange. Also, it ensures that the concentration of gases within the lungs encourages the diffusion of each gas in a direction that’s beneficial to our bodies.

  43. Gas exchange within the alveoli There are ~300 million alveoli in each of our lungs. Where does the blood come from prior to entering the lungs? Right ventricle Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs simultaneously as long as you keep breathing; it replenishes the gases in the alveolus by keeping the concentration gradients

  44. Structure & Function of the Alveoli • The round shape provides a large surface area for the gasses to diffuse • The thinness (single cell) of each alveoli as well as the capillary beds surrounding the alveoli allows for quick & efficient diffusion • Moist inner lining (surfactants) of the alveolus allows the alveoli not to stick to each other & tear causing scar tissue. • Premature babies have not developed the surfactant & need to be on a ventilator.

  45. MECHANISM FOR BREATHING What muscles are involved in breathing? Diaphragm Abdomen Intercostal (surrounds the rib cage) Breathing is based on the inverse relationship between pressure & volume. - an increase in volume will lead to a decrease in pressure (& vice versa).

  46. Draw the pathway that an oxygen molecule travels starting with going in through the nose and ending with being delivered at a cell in your big toe. LIST AS MANY PARTS AS POSSIBLE

  47. What about other animals? Aquatic

  48. Bony Fish Blood flows in the direction opposite to the movement of water past the gills. As blood moves through a gill capillary it becomes more and more loaded with oxygen but it simultaneously encounters water with ever higher oxygen concentrations because the water is just beginning its passage over the gills.

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