Key Issue 1:3

1. Key Issue 1:3 Why are different places similar?

2. Globalization • Def’n: Process where places in the world are increasingly linked • Scale of the world is “shrinking” • Importance of international borders diminished • Worldwide marketplace created • Created by (but not limited to) • Faster, more reliable transportation • Communication devices (e.g. satellites, cell phones, computers) • Digital information (e.g. internet) • Space-Time Compression – • Reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place. • Rapid speed that information flows…rapid changes

3. Space-Time Compression, 1492–1962 Fig. 1-20: The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the Earth, illustrate how transport improvements have shrunk the world.

4. Globalization of the Economy • World is more integrated and interdependent • Transnational corporations – (aka Multinational) • Huge corporations that cross international boundaries – ID the best places like production, raw materials, distribution, etc. • World Market = specialization at the local level • Result ? • Uneven development - some places become centers for technical development, while others become centers for low-skilled tasks • What examples can you think of?

5. Globalization of the Economy Fig. 1-17: The Denso corporation is headquartered in Japan, but it has regional headquarters and other facilities in North America & Western Europe.

7. GLOBALIZATION OF CULTURE Landscape & People become more homogeneous Examples? (Fast food restaurants, chain restaurants, retail stores… Wearing jeans, drinking Coca Cola, Driving Cars… Shelter…leisure activities…)

8. Globalization United Arab Emirates

9. Globalization

10. Opposition to Globalization As the world becomes more integrated – people react to the threat of losing their own cultural identity. ETHNOCENTRISM The belief that one’s own ethnic group or race is most important or better than others How has this played out in world history? How is it playing out in the world today?

11. Globalization localization • Uniform Landscape… • More similar clothing • Similar high technology • Less diversity in religions • Less diverse languages • High tech • New western ways • Global economies • More job specialization Have other job & buy ready-made clothing • More contact w/ other cultures • More diversity – uniqueness • Clothing is more unique • Less technology; more “old methods” • More diverse religions • More variations in languages • Low tech • Old ways • Local economies – less international trade • People do more types of things: weave the cloth, sew clothing • Communicate only w/own culture

12. Let’s Review…. • How has globalization led to uneven development in the world? • How has globalization affected the cultural landscape? • What is ethnocentrism?

13. SPACE: DISTRIBUTION OF FEATURES

14. Recall… • What is the difference between how historians and geographers organize information?

15. DISTRIBUTION • Arrangement of a feature in space • 3 Main Properties • Density • Frequency with which something occurs in space • Concentration • The extent of a feature’s spread over space • Pattern • Geometric arrangement of objects in space

16. DENSITY • Frequency that something occurs in a given area • Arithmetic Density • Total # of objects /area • Used for population distributions Population of U.S./Square Miles 309,000,000 People (Approximately) 3,717,792 Square Miles 9,629,091 Square Kilometers Arithmetic Density 32 People/Sq Km

17. DENSITY *Large population does NOT necessarily = high density!!! China – 140 ppl/sq km but 125x the # of people in Belgium – 345 ppl/sqkm High Density also not related to Poverty Netherlands – very wealthy + High Density Mali – very poor + Low Density Physiological Density – # of persons per unit of area of arable land Agricultural Density # of farmers per unit area of farmland

18. CONCENTRATION • The extent of a feature’s spread over space Objects are close together CLUSTERED Objects relatively far apart DISPERSED How are density and concentration different?

19. Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952–2000 Fig. 1-19: The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates the differences between density (2000) and concentration (1952). Changes as teams moved and teams were added. (see pg. 34)

20. PATTERN • Geometric arrangement of objects in space • Some geometric…some distributed irregularly • Examples: • Linear • Grid Pattern • Pattern of Cities (Sectors, Concentric Zones….) • Even distribution of Baseball teams was in a pattern – followed major cities

21. Density, Concentration, and Pattern Fig. 1-18 (p. 33): The density, concentration, and pattern (of houses in this example) may each vary in an area or landscape. Which has higher density? Which higher concentrations? What patterns do you see?

22. Recall… • What is space – time compression? • How does this relate to globalization?

23. Interaction Between People • Technology has increased interactions between people • We very quickly know what is going on in other parts of world…harder to ignore • Contact has typically diminished the further away one group is from another DISTANCE DECAY

24. DISTANCE DECAY

25. DIFFUSION • Process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time • Place from which an innovation originates: HEARTH 2 Main Types of Diffusion: Relocation (Migration) Expansion Hierarchical Contagious Stimulus

26. Relocation Diffusion • Spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another • Examples? • Language – Spanish, English • Religion – Islam, Christianity • Ethnicity – Africans, Indians • AIDS in the U.S.

27. EXPANSION DIFFUSION • Spread of a feature from one place to another in a “snowballing” process • Hierarchical • Contagious • Stimulus

28. HIERARCHICAL DIFFUSION • Spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons • Political Ideas • What does the face of evil look like? (or Axis of Evil) • American Revolution • Communism • Fashion by Celebrities • Religious Beliefs/Ideology • Innovations originate in a node of power (large urban area and diffuse to isolated rural areas) • Hip-hop…low-income, African Americans – but still from an urban area • Fashion from NYC, Paris • Revolution from Tunisia to Egypt

29. CONTAGIOUS • Rapid , widespread diffusion of a characteristic through out the population • Contagious disease • Flu • H1N1 DOES NOT ALWAYS MEAN DISEASE!!!!! • Ideas on Internet • Beware of these…they can be just as dangerous as contagious diseases!!!