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Learn about the four major classes of macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - and their structures and functions in living organisms.
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MACROMOLECULES a.k.a. Bio-Molecules a.k.a. Organic Molecules • A car isn’t one single thing. • It’s made from combining numerous parts that work together. • Often, those parts are made of even smaller parts.
Macromolecules • Organisms are similar except they are made of very specialized parts, organic parts. • There are numerous parts but there are 4 special ones that are common to all life. • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids • These are the 4 major classes of macromolecules that you are going to be required to know; both structures and functions.
Objectives Macromolecules • Identify what are the chemicals of life made from. • Identify why carbon can be the basis of so many types of bio-molecules. • Identify the structures of the subunits that form the macromolecules. • Describe the relationship between monomers and polymers. • Restate 3 major functions of carbohydrates in cells. • Identify what determines the function of proteins. • Describe 2 functions of lipids. • Summarize the role of nucleic acids in a cell. • Vocabulary • Carbohydrate • Lipid • Protein • Amino acid • Nucleic acid • Nucleotide • DNA • RNA • ATP
Review: Ionic Bonding = Swapping e- Ionic Bonding • Atoms can sometimes achieve a stable valence level by losing or gaining electrons. • When this happens, the charge of the atom changes slightly and an ion is formed. • An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge because it has gained or lost electrons. • Opposite charges attract. • The attractive force between oppositely charged ions is an ionic bond.
How Do You Show the Bonds? • Ionic Bohr Model Or… Lewis Structure
Lewis Dot Structures Shows only the electrons that participate in bonding.
Review: Covalent Bonds = Sharing e- Covalent Bonding • One way that atoms bond is by sharing valence electrons to form a covalent bond. • A molecule is a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds. • A water molecule, H2O, forms when an oxygen atom forms covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms.
How Do You Show the Bonds? • Covalent Bohr Model Or… Lewis Structure
Hydrogen Bonding • A hydrogen bondis a bond that forms between the positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and the negative pole of another molecule. • Represented as dashed lines. • We will see these again…
Why We Study Macromolecules • Macromolecules are necessary to study for several important reasons. • They allow life to persist and thrive. • All organisms are made of all the same basic stuff put together in a million different ways. • How do you get these in your body? • You consume all of these when you eat other organisms and stuff made from other organisms.
Reading & Research • You will work together in your assigned groups to explore the features of macromolecules first. • You will need to read through everything together, answer all questions, and complete all drawings for a complete introduction. • Once I verify you’ve finished, you will keep the 8-page packet in your notebooks. • You will get credit for the packet and answers when you complete and turn in the “Final Questions” (I will give after you are done with the packet) on Tuesday. • Q: Can I just turn in the answers & get credit? • A: No. If you fail to complete the packet you will not only not get credit for the assignment but also be WAY behind… Do it.
Macromolecule Group Work • Get into groups. Have your packet, the “Final Questions” WS & something to write with. • We will cover CARBOHYDRATES & PROTEINS today. • We will cover LIPIDS & NUCLEIC ACIDS tomorrow. • Your “Final Questions” WS is due on Block day.
Building Blocks of Cells • You know that all living things are made of cells. • The parts of a cell are made up of large, complex molecules, often called macromolecules. • These are also known as organic compounds or carbon compounds. • Large, complex macromolecules are built from a few smaller, simpler, repeating subunits arranged in an extremely precise way. • The basic atomic subunit of most macromolecules contain atoms of carbon.
Carbon: What number is it on the periodic table? What major column does carbon fall under? How many bonds can carbon then form? Carbon atoms can form covalent bonds with as many as four other atoms. It can form three major types of bonds. C-C …Single carbon to carbon C=C … Double C≡C … Triple Sorry, no quadruple bonds… Carbon Bonding
Constructing the Macromolecules • Carbon, due to its flexibility, bonds with other elements to form the basic subunits called monomers of the larger, more complex macromolecules, called polymers. Covalent Bond Covalent Bond MONOMER/Subunit MONOMER/Subunit MONOMER/Subunit POLYMER/Macromolecule You need to know specifically: Condensation/Dehydration Synthesis = Water is formed when subunits bond. Hydrolysis = Water is split to break down polymers.
HOW THE POLYMERS ARE FORMED = DEHYDRATION (condensation) SYNTHESIS. Water is formed when the monomers covalently bond. Water is released in a condensation reaction that forms this disaccharide Energy Stored
Energy Released Water is split in a hydrolysis reaction that forms 2 monosaccharides and releases energy. HOW MACROMOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN = HYDROLYSIS Stored Energy
1stMacromolecule: Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are molecules made of one or more simple sugars subunits. • A sugar contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen • It’s abbreviated CHO • in a ratio of 1:2:1. • It’s formula is C6H12O6 • Glucose is a common sugar found everywhere in nature.
Carbohydrates: Structure • Glucose is a monosaccharide, or “single sugar.” • So is fructose, dextrose, & ribose • Two sugars can be linked to make a disaccharide. • Sucrose, & lactose • Many monosaccharide subunits can be linked to make a polysaccharide(= “many sugars”) • Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin • Monosaccharides and disaccharides are considered simple carbohydrates or simple sugars. • Polysaccharides are considered complex carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates: Functions • Carbohydrates are a major source of energy for many organisms, including humans. • It is used specifically to make ATP in mitochondria. • Cells use carbohydrates for sources of energy,structural materials, and cellular identification. Used to make ATP Sugar
Carbohydrates: Structural Support • Chitin and cellulose are complex carbohydrates that provide (structural) support. Similar to the frame of a house. • Chitin is responsible for the hardness of shells of arthropods (insects) and crustaceans (crabs & such) and the cell walls of mushrooms. • Cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants. • This helps them stand straight up.
Carbohydrates: Identification • In a complex organism, cells recognize neighboring cells by the short, branched chains of varying sugar units on their outer surface.
Summary: Carbohydrates • Carbohydrates are known as sugars or starches, depending on the number of monomers in the molecule • The subunit for carbohydrates is a simple sugar (like glucose) • Carbohydrates are known for being quick energy sources but also can be used for structure & cellular identification.
Proteins • Proteins are chains of amino acids subunits. • The amino acids twist and fold into certain shapes that determine what the proteins do. • There are thousands of proteins that perform many types of functions. • Structure • Support • Movement • Communication • Transportation • And carrying out chemical reactions
Amino Acids • Amino acids are the subunits, the building blocks, of proteins. • 20 different ones are bonded together in millions of ways to create the millions of proteins that exist.
Amino Acids • Amino acids have three distinct areas. • The amino group • The carboxyl group • The R group, which 20 different options Carboxyl group Amino group R group
Proteins, • A protein is a molecule made up of long chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. • Proteins are called polypeptides. • Poly = many • Peptide = amino acid subunits.
Summary Proteins • Subunit of proteins is the amino acid (there are 20 of them that we use in our bodies) • There are many functions of proteins, including support, transportation, immune system, movement, cellular communication.
Lipids • Lipids are another class of biomolecules, which includes fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes. • The main purpose of fats is to store energy and can actually do so more efficiently than carbohydrates. • Lipids consist of chains of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms. This structure makes lipids non-polar so they repel water. • Is water polar or non-polar? • Lipids separate from water and don’t dissolve in it. • Lipids will dissolve in other lipids, however. • This gives the term “fat soluble” Look at all that energy!
Lipid: Subunit • Fatty Acid: Carbon chain surrounded by hydrogen. (Attached to a carboxyl, making it an acid)
Fatty acids • Fat subunits are fatty acids, and are often called as such • Trans (cis) “transfat” • Saturated • No bends or double carbon bonds • Unsaturated. • Contains one or more c=c bonds • Saturated fats are dangerous because of how close they can stack together in your blood vessels. • Because of the carbon-hydrogen bonds, lipids are also calledhydrocarbons. • These are used for energy and lubrication. • Gasoline and oil are hydrocarbons.
Lipids: Functions • Lipids are non-polar & they can help control water. • It’s the main component of body fat but the cell’s outer membrane is made of phospholipids. • The structure of cell membranes depends on how phospholipids interact with water. • Waxes, found on the surfaces of plants and aquatic bird feathers, “waterproof” to help prevent evaporation of water from the cells of the organism.
Li-pids in the Membrane • Phospholipids • Phosphate head • Fatty acid tail • Cholesterol • Glycolipids
Phospholipids Hydrophilic heads “love” water and always point to it. • The only reason why cells can form is because of the properties of phospholipids. • THEY ARE EXTREMELY IMPORTANT. Hydrophobic tails “hate” water and always point away from it.
Lipids: The Foundation for Hormones. • Lipids also serve as the foundation for hormones. • Hormones are chemical substances produced in the body that control and regulate the activity of certain cells or organs. • They signal other cells to do important jobs. • Examples: • Cholesterol • Testosterone • Estrogen • HGH • Insulin • Adrenaline
Nucleic Acids: Function & Subunits • Nucleic acids are the molecules that contain the hereditary information (directions for making traits) found in only living organisms. • A nucleic acid is a long chain of nucleotide subunits. • A nucleotide is a molecule made up of three parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group.
DNA vs RNA Structure • RiboNucleic Acid = RNA • Is missing one of the oxygen atom • DeoxyriboNucleic Acid = DNA • Has two oxygen molecules on the sugar
Nucleic Acids, Hereditary Information • DNA molecules act as “instructions” for the processes of an organism’s life. • DNA consists of two strands of nucleotides that spiral around each other. • Similar to a spiral staircase. • DNA strands are held together by hydrogen bonds. • RNA also interacts with DNA to help decode the information. • Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information.
Nucleic Acids: • Made of many individual nucleotides
Nucleic Acids, ATP Energy Carriers • Some single nucleotides have other important roles. • Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the energy currency of cells. • It’s is a nucleotide that has three phosphate groups. • Energy is released in the hydrolysis reaction that breaks off the third phosphate group. • Other single nucleotides transfer electrons or hydrogen atoms for other life processes.
Closure • What did you learn today? • Any questions? • Get your packets checked and have Final Questions complete by tomorrow.
Have you seen one of these? • This label has all kinds of important information. • There are fats, sugars, proteins, vitamins, etc. • These Nutrition Facts labels help you decide if you are getting the appropriate quantities in each meal.
