McKay Chapter 14: Reform and Renewal in the Christian Church

1. McKay Chapter 14: Reform and Renewal in the Christian Church The Catholic Reformation

2. The Counter Reformation Society of Jesus founded 95 Thesis Council of Trent Act of Supremacy 1517 1521 1534 1540 1545 1555 1563 Swabian Peasants’ Revolt Peace of Augsburg Calvin’s Institutes of Christian Religion Diet of Worms Catholic Reformation codified

3. Homework • DBQ tomorrow

4. How did the Catholic Church react to the rise of Protestantism?

5. The Inquisition • Ecclesiastical tribunal created to combat heresy • Spanish Inquisition • Created by Ferdinand and Isabella to centralize religious control • Marranos (Jewish converts • Moriscos (Muslim converts) • Viewed with suspicion as secretly still “heretics” • Roman Inquisition (1542) • Paul III created to combat Protestant heresy • Employed torture to extract confession &/or repentance • Forced those under investigation to wear a red “X” • Auto de fe (Act of Faith) • A public penance • included a pilgrimage, a public scourging, a fine, the wearing of a cross, burning at the stake

6. Council of Trent (1545-63) • Meeting of Church authorities to deal with Reformation • Main Resolutions • Rejected “faith alone” dogma • Affirmed that sources of authority & religious truth • Bible (Vulgate) • Church tradition & law (from Popes) • Reaffirmed • 7 sacraments • Latin language • Purgatory • cult of saints and Virgin • celibacy, monastic life • Condemned abuses (simony, pluralism) • Called for more educated clergy • Called for more religious art (Baroque developed) • Created Index of Prohibited Books • Reaffirmed absolute Papal authority

7. Tridentine (Trent) Creed (1564) & Minorities • Codified Catholic Catechism at the end of the Council of Trent • Pope Pius IV (1560-1565) • Created Jewish ghetto in Papal States • Located in area of Rome noted for flooding • surrounded by walls • Due to heavy restrictions on professions, area was noted for high poverty • Isolation led to own unique dialect

8. The Society of Jesus • Known as the Jesuits (1540) • spiritual soldiers of Counter Reformation • Founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) • Absolute obedience to pope • Rigorous theological training • Politically influential • Founded universities and schools • Carried Catholic message abroad • Preserved Catholicism in Germany, Eastern Europe • Utilized Inquisition in Italy and Spain to suppress heresy

9. Spiritual Exercises by Ignatius Loyola • In what sense are these rules intended as a rebuttal of Protestant theology? Be specific. • What are the religious underpinnings of Rule 13?

10. St. Ignatius Loyola: Spiritual Exercises • TO HAVE THE TRUE SENTIMENT WHICH WE OUGHT TO HAVE IN THE CHURCH MILITANT • Let the following Rules be observed. • First Rule. The first: All judgment laid aside, we ought to have our mind ready and prompt to obey, in all, the true Spouse of Christ our Lord, which is our holy Mother the Church Hierarchical. • Second Rule. The second: To praise confession to a Priest, and the reception of the most Holy Sacrament of the Altar once in the year, and much more each month, and much better from week to week, with the conditions required and due. • Fourth Rule. The fourth: To praise much Religious Orders, virginity and continence, and not so much marriage as any of these. • Sixth Rule. To praise relics of the Saints, giving veneration to them and praying to the Saints; and to praise Stations, pilgrimages, Indulgences, pardons, Cruzadas, and candles lighted in the churches. • Eighth Rule. To praise the ornaments and the buildings of churches; likewise images, and to venerate them according to what they represent. • Thirteenth Rule. To be right in everything, we ought always to hold that the white which I see, is black, if the Hierarchical Church so decides it, believing that between Christ our Lord, the Bridegroom, and the Church, His Bride, there is the same Spirit which governs and directs us for the salvation of our souls. Because by the same Spirit and our Lord Who gave the ten Commandments, our holy Mother the Church is directed and governed. • Fourteenth Rule. Although there is much truth in the assertion that no one can save himself without being predestined and without having faith and grace; we must be very cautious in the manner of speaking and communicating with others about all these things.

11. Saint Teresa of Ávila (1515-1582) • Reformer of Carmelite order • Called for a more educated clergy • Father was wealthy • Carmelite had been order noted for corruption • Wealthy of Avila sent daughters to convent • Status symbol • Had mystical experience in her 30s • Said she was stabbed by an angel that left her feeling love for God • Called for order to live in poverty, work for their own food • Keep strict enclosure (no visitors) • No class distinctions • “purity of blood” racism in Spanish society rejected • Obedience to the Pope • Writings earned her title “Doctor of Church”

12. Europe, late 1500s Click Pic for Reformation Summary

13. Baroque Style of Art & Architecture • Counter-Reformation art • Sanctioned during Council of Trent • Characteristics • Dramatic, emotional • Colors were brighter than bright; darks were darker than dark • art for the illiterate rather than to the well-informed • appeal to emotions • Meant to bring people back to Catholic Church "exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, release from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism".

14. St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican Cityby Gialorenzo Bernini

15. “The Ecstasy of St. Theresa of Avila” by Gianlorenzo Bernini1647-52

16. Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1571-1610) • Ultized radical naturalism which combined close physical observation with a dramatic, even theatrical, approach to chiaroscuro, the use of light and shadow. • works featured violent struggles, grotesque decapitations, torture and death • Talented and reckless • Fled Rome after he murdered • 1610 he took a boat to Rome to receive the pardon • Died (or was murdered) en route

17. “St. Francis in Ecstasy”Caravaggio, 1595

18. “The Flagellation of Christ” by Caravaggio

19. “David and Goliath” by Caravaggio

20. “Salome with the Head of the Baptist” by Caravaggio

21. “The Cardsharps”Caravaggio, 1595

22. Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) • Flemish painter known for his Counter-Reformation altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and mythological and allegorical paintings • Tutored by humanists • Arguably most productive Baroque painter • fondness of painting full-figured nudes

23. Rubens' "Venus at the Mirror"

24. “The Elevation of the Cross” by Peter Paul Reubens1610-11

25. “The Lamentation” by Peter Paul Reubens1609-11

26. Peter Paul Rubens Prometheus Bound, 1611-12. Philadelphia Museum of Art

27. “Battle of the Amazons”Peter Paul Reubens

28. Rembrandt