Fifth Declension Nouns; Ablative of Place Where; Participles.

1. December 1st, 2011 Fifth Declension Nouns; Ablative of Place Where; Participles.

2. Fifth Declension Nouns • Last declension. • Feminine nouns with the exception of Dies (day) which is masculine. • Declines like other nouns; Find the stem by taking the genitive; then add appropriate endings.

3. Fifth Declension

4. Ablative of Place Where • The place where an event occurred is usually indicated by an ablative with a preposition (i.e. in = “in, on.” or sub = “under.”). • In magna casa vivunt = “They live in a large house.” • Cf. Wheelock, pp. 142-3 for summary of uses of the ablative case.

5. Participles • Participles = Verbal Adjectives (i.e. adjectives with a verbal character). • i.e. The barking dog frightened the children. • Latin has four participles: The present active, the future active, the perfect passive, the future passive (aka-the gerundive).

6. Formation of Participles • Present Active and Future Passive formed on the present stem. • Present Active = Present Stem + “-ns, -ntis.” • Future Passive = Present Stem + “-ndus, -nda, -ndum.” • Future Active and Perfect Passive formed on the Participial Stem (i.e. 4th Principal Part). • Future Active = Participial Stem + “-urus, -ura, -urum.” • Perfect Passive = Participial Stem + “-us, -a, -um.”

7. Ago, Agere, Egi, Actum (Lead)

8. Declension of Particples • Because participles are verbal adjectives they have a gender, number, and case and so decline. • Future Active, Perfect Passive, and Future Passive all decline like Magnus, Magna, Magnum. • Present Active declines like third declension nouns (i.e. Potens, Potentis). • Cf. Wheelock, pp. 148-9.

9. Decline Laudo, Laudare, Laudavi, Laudatumas a Present Active, Future Active, Perfect Passive, and Future Passive Participle.

10. Use of Particples • As adjectives participles must agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case (i.e. Divitiae viro amato dabatur – “Riches were given to the beloved man.”). • Can stand on their own in place of a noun (i.e. as a noun – substantive). (i.e. Divitiae amato dabatur – “Riches were given to the beloved man.”).

11. Use of Participles Continued • As verbs participles can take direct objects and other verbal constructions. • i.e. Patrem in casa videntes, puella et puer ad eumcucurrerent – “Seeing their father in the house, the boy and girl ran up to him.” • Tense of participles are always relative to the main verb (i.e. refer to actions done at a point in time relative to the action of the main verb). • Cf. Wheelock, p. 149.

12. Translation of Participles • A trick process; context is crucial. • Present Active = “-ing” (i.e. laudans = praising). • Future Active = “about to -, going to -.” (i.e. Laudaturus = About to praise, going to praise). • Perfect Passive = “-ed, having been –ed.” (i.e. Laudatus = Praised, Having been praised). • Future Passive = “about to be –ed, going to be –ed.” (i.e. Laudandus = About to be praised, going to be praised.).

13. Translation of Participles Continued • Pay close attention to context and the tense of the participle relative to the main verb. • Often best rendered in English as a relative clause. • Commonly rendered in: A temporal sense (i.eLaudata…. = When she had been praised); A causal sense (i.e. Laudata….=Since she had been praised); A concessive sense (i.e. Laudata….=“Although she had been praised). • Context the only effective guide. • Cf. Wheelock, pp. 150.