Declension of Nouns

1. Declension of Nouns There are 3 cases in Arabic. We know them by changing the vowelling of the final consonant in the word. They are: الرفع - The nominative case It’s indicated with a damma

2. The accusative case: It’s indicated with a fatha The genitive case: It’s indicated with a kasra

3. The Genitive with Prepositions Every Arabic preposition takes its following noun in the genitive (prepositional phrase) الجار والمجرور: حرف الجر والاسم المجرور إلى العمل = to work من الطالبة = from the student (belonging)للرجل= to the man للطالب= for the student على المائدةOn the table = في البستان = in the garden

4. Nominal sentence: - subject = المبتدأ predicate = الخبر • When the nominal sentence has a prepositional phrase as a predicate, and the subject is indefinite = the subject is not usually placed first.

5. a man is in the garden رجل في البستان X في البستان رجل the man is in the garden الرجل في البستان في البستان الرجل In such sentences, we can use the English impersonal verb = “there is , there are” There is a man in the garden

6. على المائدة صحن وملعقة There are a plate and a spoon on the table.

7. (الإضافة)The Genitive of Possession • When a noun is followed by another noun in the genitive automatically loses its nunation. بيتٌ الرجلِ X بيتُ الرجلِ

8. When the second noun is definite, the first noun is automatically definite. بيتُ الرجلِ The house of the man • BUT if it’s intended that “house” should be indefinite with the meaning “a house of the man” implying he has other houses too we say: بيتٌ للرجل

9. A noun followed by a genitive must not take the article. البيت الرجل X بيتُ الرجلِ

10. Nothing must interpose between the noun and its following genitive المضاف والمضاف إليه So, if the noun is to be qualified with an adjective, the adjective should come AFTER the genitive: The man’s big house بيتُ الرجلِ الكبيرُ

11. *Note that by altering the vowelling of the adjectives, different meanings are given: بيتُ الرجلِ الكبيرُ The man’s big house بيتُ الرجلِ الكبيرِ The old man’s house

12. It is possible to form the genitive of possession with an indefinite genitive, but in such cases the noun remains indefinite: فنجانُ قهوةٍ A cup of coffee فنجانُ قهوةٍ كبيرُ A large cup of coffee

13. Nouns in English Nouns can be Countable Uncountable

14. Uncountable nouns 1. We can’t count them. So, they don’t have plural form. We can’t say: musics, bloods, golds, excitements, sugars… X 2. Before uncountable nouns you can say the/ some/ any/ much/ this/ his/ her… etc The music, some gold, much excitement, his blood

15. 3. You can’t use a/an before an uncountable noun. a music X an excitement X a blood X 4. You can also use uncountable nouns alone, with no article. This ring is made of gold – Blood is red

16. Many nouns can be used as countable or uncountable nouns. Usually there is a difference in meaning. PAPER I bought a paper ( a newspaper = countable ) Hand me your papers ( documents = countable) I bought some paper ( material for writing on = uncountable)

17. HAIR There is a hair in my soup! ( one single hair = countable) She has beautiful hair ( hair on her head = uncountable) EXPERIENCE We had many interesting experiences during our holiday. ( thing that happened to us = countable) You need experience for this job ( Knowledge of something because you have done it before)

18. 4. Some nouns are usually uncountable in English but often countable in other languages. - مسكن – اسكان - سكنAccommodation أمتعةBaggage سلوك - سلوكياتBehavior خبزBread نصيحة – نصائح Advice

19. Chaos فوضى Furniture أثاث / مفروشات Information معلومة – معلومات Luggage - أمتعة News خبر – أخبار Permission إذن Progress تقدم Scenery مشهد – مشاهد منظر- مناظر Traffic ازدحامحركة المرور-حركة السير- Travel سفر Trouble مشكلة - مشاكل Weather طقس Work أعمال - عمل

20. These nouns are uncountable, so you can’t use (a,an) before them I’m looking for accommodation. I’m going to buy some bread. Tom gave me some good advice. Where are you going to put all your furniture?

21. Remember that news is not plural: The news is very depressing today. ( not the news are X) Don’t use travel to mean journey/trip: We had a good journey ( not a good travel X) I like travel but it’s tiring sometimes.

22. These pairs of countable and uncountable: I’m looking for a job ( C) I’m looking for work (UNC) The author has a lot of works (C) What a lovely view! (C) What lovely scenery! (UNC)

23. Revision Translate the following sentence: البنتُ الجميلةُ The beautiful girl بنتٌ جميلةٌ A beautiful girl البنتُ جميلةٌ The girl is beautiful

24. Doctor طبيب – طبيبة A small hand يدٌ صغيرةٌ The book is new and small الكتابُ جديدٌ وصغيرٌ A small new book كتابٌ جديدٌ صغيرٌ من الولدِ السعيد From the happy boy

25. كتابُ الطالبِ الصغيرُ The student’s small book. كتابُ الطالبِ الصغيرِ The young student’s book. اشتريت أوراق I bought some paper

26. How many long syllables and short syllables are in the following words: بَابٌ Long syllables: 2 Short syllables: - قِيمَةٌ Long syllables:2 Short syllables: 1 كَتَبَ Long syllables: - Short syllables: 3 مُتَحَاوِرٌ Long syllables: 2 Short syllables :3

27. She has long black ( hair / hairs) *hair Bad news ( don’t / doesn’t) make you happy. *doesn’t I have a lot of (work/ works ) to do. *work

28. True or False ? There are 4 short vowels in Arabic ( ) (F) 3 Sukoon is used to signify the absence of a consonant ( ) (F) Of a vowel Nunation is found at the end of nouns or adjectives when they are indefinite ( ) (T) Arabic syllables should be given their full length () (T)

29. We should insert “and” between two adjectives when they form the predicate of a nominal sentence ( ) (T) All words that end in التاء المربوطة are feminine ( ) (F) There are some exception like خليفة The تاء مربوطة is added to a collective noun to indicate a single object ( ) (T)