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Introducing Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon Forges an Empire. The French Revolution, the Reign of Terror & Napoleon. Napoleon’s Rise to Power. 1795: as a soldier Napoleon Bonaparte led his men against the French royalists who were attacking the National Convention.
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Napoleon’s Rise to Power 1795: as a soldier Napoleon Bonaparte led his men against the French royalists who were attacking the National Convention. He was in the right place at the right time!
1799- The government was unsettled. Napoleon took advantage of this & suddenly seized power in a coup d’état without firing a single shot. The term is French for "a (sudden) blow (or strike) to a state" (literally, coup, hit, and état, state).
Napoleon takes power as First Consul The plebiscite(popular vote) of 1800 gave Napoleon the mandate to play a role for which he is well suited for – that of the ENLIGHTENED DESPOT He even crowns HIMSELF Emperor of France
Napoleon’s CHANGES • started lycées- • public schools for ordinary citizens to develop future soldiers • gave the church back some of its power to make the people happy • signed a Concordat or agreement with the pope to gain support of the organized church. • Tax collectionwas made more fair & orderly so France could rely on a steady supply of money & be economically stable. • Established a National Bank to stabilize the currency & economy • Dishonest government workers were removed. • wrote a new set of laws called the Napoleonic Code which established a comprehensive system of laws for all French citizens. • However, some individual rights were removed. • Free speech was limited & slavery was restored in the French colonies.
The Napoleonic Code, or Code Civil, March 21, 1804. Although the code was not the first legal code to be established in a European country— it is considered the first successful codification and strongly influenced the law of other countries. The Code, was clearly written with accessible law, was a major step in establishing the rule of law. RESULTS: Provided for a uniform set of laws. Eliminated many injustices but limited some freedoms & promoted the authority of the Govt.
Napoleon hoped to expand his empire in Europe and the New World – 1803 Napoleon faced a major setback when his army, sent to re-conquer Haiti & establish a base in order to increase profits from sugar production, was destroyed by a combination of yellow fever & fierce rebellion & resistance from the slaves. He recognized that the French possessions on the mainland of North America were now indefensible & facing imminent war with Britain, he decided to cut his losses in N. America & sold them to the United States —the Louisiana Purchase— for less than $.03 per acre. To get $$$ to pay for his wars in Europe. The dispute over Malta provided the pretext for Britain to declare war on France in 1803 to support French royalists.
1805- The Battle of Trafalgar Napoleon hoped to conquer Europe & wanted to invade England. But it turned into a humiliating defeat for France RESULT: French fleet was destroyed, assuring British Naval supremacy & Napoleon was forced to give up any future hopes for an invasion of England.
Mistake #1 1806- Napoleon attempted to blockadeBritish ports to hurt their economy. This Continental System was meant to make the continent more self- sufficient. The British Navy put their own blockade around Europe which weakened Europe’s economy. Mistake #2 1808-On the way to conquer Portugal, Napoleon made his brother King of Spain. The Spanish people were loyal to their own king & the peasant fighters (guerrillas) fought against Napoleon in a war called The Peninsular War. The Collapse of Napoleon’s Empire • Mistake #3 • 1812- Napoleon attempted to conquer Russia for breaking the Continental System • The Russians retreated & followed a scorched-earth policy leaving no livestock or grain for the French Army. • The onset of Winter, attacks & deserters left only 10,000 of the original 400,000 troops.
Surrender at Madrid, Spain during the Peninsular War Retreat from Moscow
1814- Napoleon is exiled from France to the small island of Elba. He took a few of his soldiers with him & was allowed to keep his title of Emperor, promising to pay two million francs every year to France. He was replaced on the French throne by Louis XVIII.
Ten months after his exile Napoleon escaped Elba. • Returned to France with an Army. • On his way to Paris, he gained support as people joined him. • He marched into Paris with a 1000 old soldiers & new supporters. • He took over the city & was back in power for a short period of time that is now known as "The Hundred Days". • 1815 Napoleon's return led him to a final campaign in Belgium. He was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo.
The Effects of the French Revolution & Napoleon’s Rule on Europe The Congress of Vienna: met for the purpose of restoring Peace & Order to Europe.
Czar Alexander of Russia, Emperor Francis I of Austria & King Frederick William III of Prussia formed the HOLY ALLIANCE. Others present included:Ministers of France & Britain, Prince Kemen Von Metternich Minister of Austria
Klemens von Metternich Lead the conference with 3 Goals
OVERALL GOAL of the Congress: Establish PEACE & STALBILITY Metternich’s 3 Goals for the Congress of Vienna: 1 Make sure the French would not attack another country again 2 Restore a balance of power so no one country would be a threat to another country. 3 Restore legitimacy (European Family) back to the kings Napoleon had driven out. BUT….. HOW WOULD THEY DO THESE THINGS???
Europe's great powers after 1815 • France contained to original borders. • Required France to return territories conquered by Napoleon • Left France a major power but decrease their overall power • Established a Balance of Power in Europe • Formed Kingdom of the Netherlands • Created a German Confederation • Added Genoa to Sardinian Kingdom • Switzerland recognized as independent nations • Increased power of Britain & Prussia • Sparked Nationalism • Conservatives regained control of Europe • Revolts were triggered in the colonies
How did they ENFORCE these Changes? The Concert of Europe What: Series of alliances btwn Europe's great powers after 1815. Purpose- to maintain the peace settlement concluded at the Congress of Vienna AKA- the Congress System occurred at the Congress of Vienna Main person at the Concert of Europe- Klemens Wenzel von Metternich of Austria. PRIMARY GOAL-for the leading nations in Europe - Britain, Austria, Prussia & Russia - to work together to prevent the outbreak of revolution in each nation- e.g. PEACE
The Effects of The Congress of Vienna • Influenced World Politics for the next 100 years • Balance of Power: • balance of power diminished the size & power of France while increasing the power of Britain & Prussia • Nationalism: • Nationalism began to grow in Italy, Germany, Greece & other areas (new world) that the Congress had put under foreign control eventuated into revolution & new nations • European Colonial Revolutions • Spain’s colonies took advantage of the events in Europe to declare independence & break away from their European rulers
Long Term:Effectof the French Revolution • Old Ideas about control & authority were changed forever • More & more principles of democracy were seen as the best way for equity & justice • Old patterns of taxation & property ownership were challenged • Ideas about equality began to be adopted
Ch 7: The Final Analysis • Imagine that it is 1816 and you are either, • Napoleon, • Metternich, or • a former French Revolutionary. • Write a letter in which you evaluate the events of the last 30 years. • Be sure to SPECIFICALLY mention at least 5 events of the past 30 years in your letter. Use your text and timeline notes to remind you of some of the important events. • Your letter must be at least one full page.
