America in World Affairs

1. America in World Affairs The United States has not always been involved in world affairs as it is today. Through its history, the nation’s foreign policy has swung back and fourth between a commitment to involvement with the world and the desire for isolation

2. This Unit • This unit traces the large expanse of time wherein American transformed itself into an international superpower. • We will explore how America’s involvement in global affairs (abroad) impacted and shaped life on the home front. • Any suggestions for specific study: Email me!

3. Define the following in your notes • Nationalism • Isolationism • Expansionism • Militarism • Anti-War • Anything “Anti” is against • Pro-War • Anything “Pro” is I support of • League of Nations

4. Additional Terms to know

5. Answer the following in your notes… • Write sentences: • What events led to WWI? • How did America become involved in WWI? • How did WWI end? Explain with detail. • What were some experiences of various people and ethnic groups during WWI? Be specific • List and explain the different legislations enacted during WWI. • What is the importance of Foreign Policy during WWI. • List and explain two different foreign policies enacted during WWI. • Define Propaganda in your own words. • How does legislation enacted during WWI still affect Americans today? Explain. • What is the importance of the Panama Canal? • What is the importance of the Spanish American War? • List anything your are unclear about from this Presentation.

6. Expansionism • A phenomenon in which the U.S. takes other nations and incorporate them into the U.S. Society. • For instance: Cuba, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Panama, Philippines were incorporated into U.S. territories • Presidents involved in Expansionism: • McKinley, Teddy Roosevelt, Taft

7. Spanish American War • In 1898, the United States went to war to help Cuba win its independence from Spain. • During this period, Spain was the most powerful colonial nation on earth. • During this period, Spain had Cuban slaves until 1886 • This war lasted only 16 weeks

8. Why did America have an interest in Cuba during this period? Cuba is only 90 miles south of Florida Cuba had large sugar cane plantations, in which some of the plantations were American owned

9. What sparked a Revolution • Jose Marti, a Cuban poet and journalist, encouraged Cuban rebels to destroy sugar mills and plantations because he hoped to provoke the U.S. into helping Cuba win independence from Spain.

10. Events that increased tension between the U.S. and Spain • Publication of the “de Lome Letter”, which criticized President McKinley • Explosion of the U.S.S. Maine. This was a ship President McKinley sent to Cuba to bring home American citizens in Cuba • Many Americans blamed this ship explosion on Spain

11. Treaty of Paris(December 10, 1898) • The United States and Spain signed an armistice, a cease fire agreement (agreement to end war) • The United States and Spain met in Paris to agree on a Treaty • Terms of the Treaty: • Spain freed Cuba and turned over the islands of Guam and Puerto Rico to the U.S. • Spain also sold the Philippines to the U.S. for 20 Million

12. Philippines: U.S. needed new markets and commercial base (business) for its exports Lots of territory in this area Puerto Rico: Allowed the U.S. to have a presence in the Caribbean Islands Allowed the U.S. to protect a future canal that Americans leaders wanted to build across Puerto Rico Why was the U.S. interested in….

13. Panama Canal A canal that cut across Central America to reduce travel time for commercial (business) and military ships by providing a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. THIS CANAL PROMOTED GLOBAL TRADE Canal began construction in 1904 and was completed in 1914. U.S. And Latin American relations were damaged because of this. Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt Tied to promote the United States as a strong but respectful leader in international affairs He considered the Panama Canal the greatest accomplishment of his presidency. Became President in 1901 after President William McKinley was assassinated.

14. The Panama Canal Without the Panama Canal, you would have had to travel around Central America to get to the other side of the Ocean. Do you see the convenience of Panama Canal (look at the two faces).

15. William Taft Foreign Policy • President William Howard Taft expanded upon the Open Door Policy by advocating (calling for) Dollar Diplomacy. Through Dollar Diplomacy President Taft aimed to encourage American investment in Latin America (South and Central America). • Not only did Taft urge American banks and businesses to invest in Latin America, but also promised that the United States military would intervene (step in), if local unrest threatened their investments. • Partially as a result of these two policies, growth in international trade occurred from the late 1800s to World War I. This period was the first era of a true “global economy.”

16. Foreign Policy: Roosevelt Corollary • In 1904, Roosevelt issued a statement that came to be known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. Corollary means “what naturally follows from”. • South and Central American Countries were poor and often borrowed money from European countries then were unable to repay the loans. • To prevent European countries from attacking these countries in the Western Hemisphere and thereby violating the Monroe doctrine, Roosevelt announced that “chronic wrongdoing” by any Latin American nation entitled the United States to intervene in its affairs. • This changed the Monroe doctrine by allowing one Western Hemisphere nation the intervene in the affairs of another.

17. Imperialism The policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control (strength) over weaker territories (nations) Anti-Imperialism Take the time to define this term in your notes. Terms to Always Remember…..

18. Isolationism Washington’s Farewell Address (1796) set precedent for the United States to pursue a policy of isolationism. Isolationism was the policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs. Isolationism continued to form the basis of American foreign policy throughout most of the nineteenth century. George Washington at the end of his presidency. Disturbed by the war between England and France and the attempts of both nations to draw the U.S. into it as an ally, Washington issued a "Farewell Address" based on Isolationsim

19. World War I (WWI) facts • 1914-1918 (four years) • A “Total War” – all powers participated in some type of way • The U.S. spent 32 billion in this war • The U.S. entered the war in 1917 because they felt at threat if Mexico was going to join the Central Powers • 8-10 million people killed ; 4,000 towns destroyed, 16 nations involved • Trench warfare and submarine warfare emerged • America soldiers were called doughboys • There was a lot of propaganda for Food. At the time, Herbert Hoover was not President but was responsible for the Food Administration and Propaganda in the U.S.

20. Causes of WWI • Alliance system • Nationalism • Imperialism • Militarism

21. Origins of WWI • The origins of WWI were immediate and deep but the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (next in throne in Austria) sparked everything. • “Black Hand” (Serbian nationalist) assassinated Ferdinand in June 1914 in Bosnia. • As a result, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia • Austria Hungary was backed by Germany (Central Powers) and Serbia was backed by Russia (Allies)

22. Alliance System • A formal agreement or union between nations

23. Woodrow Wilson • Wanted to remain neutral in this war • He didn’t want to jump in this war because a lot of Germans lived in the United States

24. Events leading to the U.S. involvement in WWI… 1. Why did the U.S. get involved? • When a U-boat (Submarine) sank the Lusitania (a ship), Americans became outraged by the act of Germany because there were many Americans on this ship. • 1,198 killed -> 128 were Americans • Germany thought they could win the war by destroying U-boats 2. 1916 Election • President Wilson became President campaigning to allow America to remain neutral (out of the war). • Although this, Germans leaders ignored this and announced they would sink all U-boats in British waters, whether hostile or neutral! • During this period, Mexico was at risk with the United States because of Territory: Germany promised Mexico that they would get there territories back if they joined the Central Powers • Of course, the U.S. felt at threat…so they entered the war

25. The Lustania Sinking

26. Allied Powers: Russia France British Empire Italy United States Japan Others (see page 585) Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Turkey Bulgaria Allied Powers vs. Central Powers in WWI

27. Neutral Powers during WWI These countries did not get involved in the war (isolationism): • Denmark • Holland • Norway • Sweden • Switzerland

28. To become a World Power a country must…… • Possessing a Powerful Military • Acquiring more land • Building a strong market

29. Was America prepared for WWI? • No….. • Congress had to pass the Selective Service Act in May 1917. This act required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service. • By the end of 1918, 24 million men registered under this act. • The Uncle Sam poster was created then (See page 588) • Of this, about 3 million were called to fight in WWI • About 400,000 African Americans served but were in segregated units and excluded from the navy and marines. • This Act is still in effect today. All men 18 and over must fill out this form!

30. Technology In WWI WWI was considered a Modern War because of these items being introduced: Machine Guns – fire rounds increased to 600 rounds per minute Airships and Airplanes Gas masks used to prevent dieing from poison gas Aircraft guns Trench Warfare Army Tank Trunks- used to mow down barbed wire and soldiers

31. Example of Trench Warfare

32. Women: Women moved into jobs held by men Over 1.5 million women were able to go in industrial jobs They became railroad workers, cooks, dockworkers, and bricklayers Some were volunteers at Red Cross facilities They could Not enlist as soldiers but were nurses and ambulance drivers Suffrage issues still going on African Americans The war caused the Great Migration They could fight in the war but they were segregated (separated) from other troops. How WWI impacted….

33. Immigrants in America Immigrants in American from Central Power areas such as, Germany and Austria Hungary, suffered persecution Those of a German descent suffered the most bitter attacks Americans with German names lost jobs. Orchestras refused to play music of Germans (i.e. Beethoven and Mozart) Towns with German names were changed German language was no longer taught in schools Books by German authors were removed from libraries The United States Economy: The government raised money for the war effort through: Taxing (higher incomes were taxed more: Progressive Tax) Sale of government bonds Asking businesses (factories) to shift production to war products Freedom of Speech by individuals and Freedom of the Press was prohibited because of Espionage and Sedition Acts. How WWI impacted….

34. World War I led to legislation and discrimination… • At home the war led to a growth in intolerance. German Americans were persecuted for their ancestry. • The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918 imposed a prison sentence for any anti-war activities, including the speaking of any other language than English. These Acts were directed at Socialist and labor leaders. • The Supreme Court ruled that the suppression of the Freedom of Speech in war time is constitutional because of a “clear and present danger”.

35. World War I Impacted… A unit of the Women's Defense League drills in its camp at Washington, D.C. Although some in the women's suffrage movement refused to support the war effort until women were granted the right to vote, other suffragists took a role in mobilizing women into the war effort and used women's support as an argument in favor of their enfranchisement. Just as women used their participation in the war effort to fight for their rights, African Americans also hoped to use the war to improve their status. Leaders like W. E. B. Du Bois and the NAACP officials protested strongly when initial mobilization plans did not include African Americans.

36. How WWI Impacted the… The 1918 Flu Epidemic • International Flu Epidemic affected one quarter of the U.S. Population • The living conditions during War of soldiers allowed contagious illness to spread around the world rapidly • About 30 million people were killed worldwide. • The next largest epidemic was the SARS outbreak in Canada.

37. How WWI ended… 1. In 1918 President Wilson issued the Fourteen Points. The Fourteen Points were Wilson’s statement of plans for peace after World War I, including plans to eliminate the causes of war. The key ideas of the Fourteen Points included the principles of: • national self-determination - each national group should be in charge of its own destiny. For example, Polish people should live under a Polish government, if that was what they wanted. , • freedom of the seas - all nations’ ships would be able to sail in international waters without threat of attack by another country’s ships. • a League of Nations - an organization of nations established at the end of World War I to maintain world stability and peace. 2. Treaty of Versailles: • Established peace • Signed in France to end the war formally • A way to punish Germany • Some of the effects led to WWII and Hitler going back for revenge As president, Woodrow Wilson said the United States wanted to “make the world safe for democracy.”

38. Propaganda Examples

39. Propaganda Examples