Cold War Tensions

1. Cold War Tensions

2. Objectives • Understand how two sides faced off in Europe during the Cold War. • Learn how nuclear weapons threatened the world. • Understand how the Cold War spread globally. • Compare and contrast the Soviet Union and the United States in the Cold War.

3. Terms and People • superpowers – nations stronger than other powerful nations • anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs) – missiles that can shoot down other missiles from hostile countries • Ronald Reagan – the president of the United States from 1980 to 1988 • détente– the relaxation of Cold War tensions

4. Fidel Castro – leader of an armed rebellion in Cuba, who took power there in 1959 and allied with the Soviet Union John F. Kennedy– the president of the United States from 1961 to 1963 ideology– a system of values and beliefs Terms and People (continued)

5. Terms and People (continued) • Nikita Khrushchev– the leader of the Soviet Union after Stalin’s death in 1953, who called for “peaceful coexistence” with the West • Leonid Brezhnev– the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1960s until 1982; reinstated the policy of imprisoning critics • containment– the policy of trying to keep communism within its existing boundaries and preventing further expansion

6. … All this means that the people of any country have the right, and should have the power by constitutional action, by free unfettered [unrestrained] elections, with secret ballot, to choose or change the character or form of government under which they dwell; that freedom of speech and thought should reign; that courts of justice, independent of the executive, unbiased by any party, should administer laws which have received the broad assent of large majorities or are consecrated by time and custom. Here are the title deeds of freedom which should lie in every cottage home. Here is the message of the British and American peoples to mankind. Let us preach what we practise — let us practise what we preach. … — Winston Churchill, Sinews of Peace (the Iron Curtain speech), March 5, 1946 According to Winston Churchill what rights should the people of any country have? According to Churchill “………” (Insert a quote from the speech)This means that (Answer the question in your own words. According to the cartoon and the text, what threatened these rights in Eastern Europe? Cite evidence from the text and the cartoon.

7. What were the military and political consequences of the Cold War in the Soviet Union, Europe, and the United States? After World War II ended, the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as ________________. They engaged in a Cold War that involved most of the world for the next 40 years. superpowers

8. After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union faced off along the Iron Curtain. The Soviet Union led the Warsaw Pact in communist Eastern Europe. The United States led the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in democratic Western Europe. Both sides relied on European alliances: the United States with the West and the Soviet Union with the East.

9. Why did the East Germans build a wall in Berlin in 1961? How did this wall fulfill Churchill’s warning of 1946? Cite evidence from this photo and from Churchill’s speech above to support your answer.

10. The city of Berlin in Germany became a focus of the Cold War. • West Berlin was democratic and East Berlin was communist. • East Germans fled into West Berlin in droves before East Germany built a wall in 1961. • The barrier of concrete and barbed wire became a symbol of the Cold War.

11. Poland 1956 East Berlin 1953: Hungary 1956:

12. Czechoslovakia 1968

13. In 1953, 50,000 workers in ___________unsuccessfully stood up to the Soviet Army. • ___________ tried to pull out of the Warsaw Pact in 1956. Soviet tanks overcame Hungarian freedom fighters. • The leader of _________________ introduced limited democracy in 1968, but Warsaw Pact troops ended the effort. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Soviet Union crushed attempted revolts in Eastern Europe. East Berlin Hungary Czechoslovakia

14. What were the major developments in the arms race between the US and the USSR in the 1950s and 60s?

16. The Soviet Union and the United States engaged in a deadly arms race. Both sides had nuclear weapons by 1949 and hydrogen bombs by 1953. Each side hoped that the threat of ____________ _______________ would deter the other from launching its weapons. “mutually assured destruction” The arms race fed a worldwide fear of nuclear doom. How did the buildup of nuclear weapons discourage their use?

17. Arms Race “Neither the United States of America nor the world community of nations can tolerate deliberate deception and offensive threats on the part of any nation, large or small. We no longer live in a world where only the actual firing of weapons represents a sufficient challenge to a nation's security to constitute maximum peril. Nuclear weapons are so destructive and ballistic missiles are so swift, that any substantially increased possibility of their use or any sudden change in their deployment may well be regarded as a definite threat to peace.” —John F. Kennedy, speech, October 22, 1962 According to Kennedy, what is the different about modern weapons as they affect international relations? According to Kennedy “………” (Insert a quote from the speech)This means that (Answer the question in your own words.)

18. Limiting Nuclear Weapons 1960-1990

19. SALT Star Wars START

20. Détente NPT

21. Despite Cold War tension, the two sides did meet to discuss limiting nuclear weapons. One agreement limited anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs). In the 1980s, President _______________ supported a “Star Wars” missile defense program. Ronald Reagan

22. Détente ended in 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. President Richard Nixon visited the Soviet Union and communist China. An era of _________ occurred during the 1970s due to the arms control agreements. détente

25. Around the world, the two superpowers confronted each other indirectly by supporting opposite sides in local conflicts.

26. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Warsaw Pact

27. SEATO: Southeast Asia Treaty Organization: United States, France, Great Britain, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines, Thailand and Pakistan

28. CENTO: Central Treaty Organization: Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and the United Kingdom

29. How did Fidel Castro lead a successful revolution in Cuba in 1959? What actions did Fidel Castro take after the Revolution? (Discuss three) What was the Bay of Pigs invasion and what were the results?

30. Cuba became a communist nation in the 1950s. Fidel Castro • ____________ led a revolt against the corrupt dictator there in the 1950s. • Castro took power in 1959, allied with the Soviet Union, and nationalized businesses. • U.S. President __________________ wanted to bring down the communist regime and supported the ____________________, which failed. John F. Kennedy Bay of Pigs Invasion

31. What sparked the Cuban Missile Crisis? How was it resolved?

32. The Soviet Union sent nuclear missiles to Cuba in 1962, sparking the Cuban missile crisis. President Kennedy blockaded Soviet ships and demanded that the Soviets remove the missiles. As the threat of nuclear war loomed, Soviet leader _________________agreed and the crisis was over. Nikita Khrushchev

33. How did Nikita Khrushchev try to change communist ideology after Stalin’s death?

34. How did Leonid Brezhnev roll back Khrushchev’s policy?

35. Leonid Brezhnev

36. The Cold War was really a struggle between two different economic and political systems.

37. What was the goal of Containment?

38. The United States worked to keep communism within its existing boundaries. • It supported any government facing communist invasion. During the Cold War, the United States pursued a policy of ___________. containment

39. Why did many Americans install fallout shelters in or near their homes?

40. What was the role of Senator Joseph McCarty in the Second Red Scare? What was the purpose of the House Un-American Activities Committee? HUAC

41. According to this cartoon what were the dangers of the committee? (Use words from the cartoon and a description to support your answer.)

42. Life in the United States during the Cold War was marked by a fear of both nuclear fallout and communism within. • Many people built bomb shelters in their yards. • Public schools conducted air-raid drills. • Americans worried there were communists in the United States. This “red scare” led to many false accusations and ruined lives.