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WHERE IS GREECE?. Bordered by Albania, Macedonia and Bulgaria, and Turkey. Ionian Sea, Sea of Crete, and Aegean Sea – All part of the Mediterranean Sea Has a Mediterranean climate = warm to hot, dry summers (fires are common) and mild to cool, wet winters ( avg annual rainfall is 17”).
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Bordered by Albania, Macedonia and Bulgaria, and Turkey. • Ionian Sea, Sea of Crete, and Aegean Sea – All part of the Mediterranean Sea • Has a Mediterranean climate = warm to hot, dry summers (fires are common) and mild to cool, wet winters (avg annual rainfall is 17”)
?? When ??B.C.E. – Before Common Era • 900-800 – City-states develop as Greece recovers from Dark Ages. • 800-600 – Greeks found colonies around the Mediterranean region. • 776 – First games are held at Olympia in honor of Zeus. Open to all Greek males. • 750 Greek Alphabet is first used. HOMER composes The Illiad and The Odyssey.
C600 – Coinage is introduced into Greek culture. • 509-507 – HERODOTUS writes the first major history. • 300’s – Socrates, Plato and Aristotle are writing and teaching philosophy.
The Beginnings • COSMOGONY – (The study of) Origin of the Universe (Cosmos) • THEOGONY – (The study of) Origin of the Gods (Theology = Religion) In Greek Myth, these 2 are connected because different parts of the physical universe were thought to literally BE gods. There are several different creation stories, depending which writer you read. We are going to learn HESIOD’s story.
CHAOS – a void or disorder • EROS – the force of love, – GAIA – Earth • Gaia gave birth by herself to URANUS – Sky • Gaia and Uranus mated • Gaia and Uranus had 3 groups of children: a. 3 one-eyed Cyclopes b. 3 Hecatonchires (each were giants with 100 arms and 50 heads) c. 12 Titans (Giants in Human form)
6. Uranus feared the children so he buried them. 7. Gaia asked youngest son – CRONOS (one of the Titans)– to help find and release them. a. He attacked his father with a sickle b. Uranus retreated to an unknown place c. Cronos then became the RULER OF THE UNIVERSE. (This began the Rule of the Titans) 8. Cronos then married his sister RHEA (another of the 12 Titans) a. Together they had 6 of the Olympians
b. Prophesy that Cronos would be overthrown so he feared his children and ate each one as they were born. c. Rhea hid 1 child by giving it to nymphs to raise and then feeding a stone wrapped in a blanket to Cronos. d. That child was ZEUS – when he grew up, he took a potion to his father which forced him to throw up the siblings. e. The Olympians waged war against Cronos and some other Titans (Prometheus, Epimetheus, Oceanus with Atlas as their leader)
f. Zeus freed the Cyclopes and the Hecatonchires to help him. g. Olympians won – ZEUS Became SUPREME RULER OF THE UNIVERSE, and the Titans were sent into exile. h. The Greeks saw the Olympians as the generation of Gods who created them and their society, so they were very thankful to these Gods & Goddesses for giving them life.
Zeus Always depicted with lightning bolts (arrows) Always shown as a well-built middle aged man with a beard. He was a playboy! He spent much of his time having sex with any woman he could find – goddess or mortal.
Hera • Usually depicted with a peacock feather, and she often had peacocks as pets. • She was a very jealous wife – she always had to watch Zeus. She couldn’t punish him for his infidelity because he was more powerful, so she punished the women instead.
Hades Usually depicted with fire, or in red. Like Zeus he is a well-built (powerful) middle-aged man with a beard.
Poseidon Depicted with a Trident (3-pronged spear) Often shown by water – a wave or a storm.
Hestia She is the least depicted 1st generation Olympian. (Not in many stories) She is like the quiet little sister who always stays home. Women pray to her for harmony in their home. She is depicted with a flame representing the stability of home fires.
Demeter Last of the 1st Generation Olympians She is the only one who doesn’t live on Mt. Olympus with the others. She lives on the earth because she is a “God of the Earth” She controls the agriculture that people live by. Often depicted with wheat or corn or some other grain crop. She had a baby with Zeus.
Aphrodite(Venus)Goddessof Love& BeautyBorn from Sea FoamorBorn outof Zeus’s side
Aphrodite Most common birth story is that when Cronos fought his father Uranus, he cut off his father’s genitals and threw them into the sea, then Aphrodite grew up out of the sea foam created by that. She is the most revered of the Goddesses for her beauty and because she represents LOVE – which the Greeks saw as most important.
Apollo Depicted as a strong young man – no beard. Carries a Lyre His temple is at Delphi where an oracle talks to him and he gives the truth. People go to this temple and ask for info about the future. Since Apollo can’t tell a lie, all prophesies that come from Delphi are believed.
Artemis Goddess of the forest – always shown with a bow and arrow, and often with a hind (small deer). Apollo and Artemis are twins – Children of Zeus and Leto (he had an affair). This upset Hera who sent a serpent to follow Leto and keep her from lying down to give birth. Eventually she went to an island and gave birth to Artemis first, then Artemis helped Apollo be born 9 days later.
Ares Son of Zeus and Hera Always shown in armor with a shield. He represents the violence of war. Zeus didn’t really like him. He’s not in a lot of stories, but he was the father of many children (another playboy).
Athena Born fully formed with armor from Zeus’s forehead. Mother was Metis, Goddess of crafty thought and wisdom. Zeus was intimidated by her because it was prophesied that her children would be more powerful than their fathers, so he ATE her after they mated. Zeus then got a bad headache and one of the other gods hit him in the head with an axe and Athena popped out. She represents the Victory of war (rather than the violence like Ares). Always shown with a sword and a shield.
Hephaestus Son of Zeus and Hera – or of Hera alone. Blacksmith who made all the weapons and Zeus’s lightning bolts. Considered very ugly. Had a relationship with Aphrodite – considered to be the first Beauty and the Beast story.
THE END Created by Ms. Birtcher For English 9 Westerville North High School 2011-2013
