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Chapter 1 Africa

Chapter 1 Africa. I. A Huge and Diverse Land. Second largest continent in the world Desert , savannah, rain forest, mountain ranges. II. Birthplace of Humanity. Fossil and genetic evidence Out -of-Africa model Modern humans emerged 200,000 years ago

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Chapter 1 Africa

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  1. Chapter 1 Africa

  2. I. A Huge and Diverse Land • Second largest continent in the world • Desert, savannah, rain forest, mountain ranges

  3. II. Birthplace of Humanity • Fossil and genetic evidence • Out-of-Africa model • Modern humans emerged 200,000 years ago • Migrated to the rest of the world 100,000 years ago • Homo erectus – upright man • 1.6 million years ago

  4. Modern Africa • Home to 56 countries. • Civil unrest, many wars • Genocide

  5. III. Ancient Civilizations • Egypt and the Nile River Valley • Egypt influenced Greek and Western civilization • 18thcentury racial policies didn’t credit Egypt's influence over western civilization. • Religion, commerce, art, philosophy, science, mathematics

  6. Describe what you see!

  7. The Gift of the Nile

  8. Ancient Egypt • What comes to mind when you think of Ancient Egypt? • Approximately 3000 years • USA 237 years this July 4 • One of the earliest, most advanced dynasties this world has ever known.

  9. 3 Ancient civilizations • Kush, Meroe and Axum – some of the wealthiest, most powerful kingdoms of the ancient world were in Africa along the Nile River.

  10. Pharaohs and Queens They were the kings or Queens of Egypt and were considered to be a half-human and half-god.

  11. Language, Education, and the Arts • The Egyptians used a type of writing called hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphics are a form of writing with pictures that represent words.

  12. The Mummification Process

  13. Initially, the ancient Egyptians buried their dead in small pits in the desert. The heat and dryness of the sand dehydrated the bodies quickly, creating lifelike and natural 'mummies'.

  14. . Later, the ancient Egyptians began burying their dead in coffins to protect them from wild animals in the desert.

  15. Steps1. Announcement of Death 2. Embalming the Body 3. Removal of Brain 4. Removal of Internal Organs 5. Drying Out Process 6. Wrapping of the Body 7. Final Procession

  16. These are the mummified remains of a pharaoh named Ramses II.

  17. Journey to the Underworld The dead travel on the “Solar Barque.” A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb.

  18. Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit

  19. Heart Balancing If the heart balanced the feather, the soul of the mummy was granted immortality. If the heart was heavier than the feather (if the sins outweighed the virtues), the soul was doomed to a horrible fate.

  20. The Final Judgement Anubis Horus Osiris

  21. Egyptian Mummies Ramses II1279-1212 B. C. E. Seti I1291-1278 B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C. E.

  22. Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife

  23. The Egyptian Pyramids Transcending the dead to the afterlife

  24. The Great Pyramids of Giza Perfectly Square 50 stories high 2.3 million stones weighing between 2.5-15 tons

  25. Look Familiar?

  26. Contents of Coffins • Clothing-Valuable • Food • Treasure, money • Pets • Script-map of afterworld

  27. The Sphinx Temple Guardians

  28. Abu Simbel Monument to Pharaoh Ramses II and Queen Nefertiti Used to celebrate battle of Kadesh(largest chariot battle ever fought) and intimidate Nubian Neighbors

  29. Reasons for pyramids • The pyramid is a shape of power, importance and knowledge • They only buried pharaohs in Pyramids

  30. West Africa

  31. IV. West Africa • Physically, ethnically, and culturally diverse • Savannah and forest • Home to a variety of cultures and languages • Divided labor by gender • Accorded semi-divine status to their kings • Cultivated crops • Produced iron tools and weapons • Trade with North Africa • Essential part of the economy and kingdoms

  32. Ghana • First known kingdom in the western Sudan • Founded between fourth and eight centuries CE • Warfare and iron weapons created an empire • Commerce • Camel caravans • Imported silk, cotton, glass beads, horses, mirrors, dates, and salt • Exported pepper, slaves, and gold mined in another region and taxed passing through • Commerce and religion destroyed Ghana in the 12th century

  33. Ancient Ghana

  34. Empire of Mali • Commerce, bureaucracy and scholarship • Most merchants and rulers • Muslims by 1210s • Converted to gain stature among Arab states • Timbuktu • Major trading hub • Gold, slaves, and salt • Center of Islamic learning ~13th century • 150 Islamic schools

  35. Ancient Mali

  36. Empire of Songhai, 1461-1591 • The last and largest of the Sudanese empires • Songhai failed to adapt to changing political atmosphere • Portuguese established trading centers along the Guinea coast

  37. Class and Slavery • Royalty • Landed nobles, warriors, peasants and bureaucrats • Lower classes • Artisans and laborers: blacksmiths, butchers, tanners, and oral historians • Slavery • Common in West Africa • More so in the savannah region than in forest areas • Variety of forms • Not necessarily a permanent condition

  38. Cool Down • Write down something that you learned today that you feel is the most interesting. • Why do you think American History has neglected to include African kingdoms in its history, and started African-American History with slavery?

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