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Major Endocrine Glands

Major Endocrine Glands. I. Hypothalamus II. Pituitary gland III. Thyroid gland IV. Parathyroid glands V. Pancreas VI. Adrenal glands VII. Gonads VIII. Pineal gland. II. Pituitary Gland = “The Master Gland”. Stimulates all other endocrine glands Two parts: posterior and anterior

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Major Endocrine Glands

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  1. MajorEndocrine Glands I. Hypothalamus II. Pituitary gland III. Thyroid gland IV. Parathyroid glands V. Pancreas VI. Adrenal glands VII. Gonads VIII. Pineal gland

  2. II. Pituitary Gland = “The Master Gland” • Stimulates all other endocrine glands • Two parts: posterior and anterior Posterior Pituitary: 1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) – promotes retention of water by kidneys 2. Oxytocin (OT)– responsible for contractions during labor and milk ejection

  3. Anterior Pituitary Gland 1. Growth hormone (GH) – promotes growth 2. Prolactin (PRL) – stimulates milk production 3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – stimulates secretion of estrogen, development of follicle cells in ovaries, sperm maturation 4. Luteinizing hormone (LH) –promotes ovulation, secretion of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone 5. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) –triggers secretion of thyroid hormones 6. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) – stimulates production of glucocorticoids

  4. Chapter 18 The Endocrine System Cont. .

  5. MajorEndocrine Glands I. Hypothalamus II. Pituitary gland III. Thyroid gland IV. Parathyroid glands V. Pancreas VI. Adrenal glands VII. Gonads VIII. Pineal gland

  6. V. The Pancreas • Secretes hormones insulin and glucagon

  7. The Pancreas Cont. • Insulin- ↓ blood glucose levels by enhancement of glucose utilization • Glucagon - ↑ blood glucose level by stimulating glycogen and fat breakdown, and glucose production at the liver

  8. Diabetes Mellitus • Consistent increased blood glucose levels • Type I - Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus • rapid onset of symptoms prior to age 15 • lack of insulin activity – patients need daily, frequent dosages of insulin • Type II - Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus • usually in overweight individuals • some insulin is produced • management by diet, exercise and antihyperglycemic drugs

  9. VI. Adrenal Glands • Adrenal glands (2) sit on top of kidneys • Produce mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and epinephrine/norepi-nephrine

  10. Adrenal Glands Cont. • Mineralocorticoids- ↑ absorption of sodium and water; ↑ blood V and blood p • Glucocorticoids - ↑ blood glucose level (insulin antagonist); anti-inflammatory effect • Epinephrine/norepinephrine- stimulated by the Sympathetic Division of the ANS; ↑ muscular strength in skeletal and cardiac muscles; ↑ breakdown of glucose, fats, and glycogen

  11. VII. Gonads • Testes - produce testosterone • Testosterone-promotes production of sperm, determines male secondary sexual characteristics, maintains glands of the male reproductive system, and stimulates growth

  12. Ovaries produce estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin • Estrogen – responsible for maturation of eggs, growth of uterine lining, and development of female secondary sexual characteristics • Progesterone- prepares uterus for the arrival of embryo and enlarges mammary glands • Relaxin - produced during pregnancy to loosen pubic symphysis, expand uterus, and stimulates mammary gland development

  13. VIII. Pineal Gland • Produces melatonin • Melatonin- involved in maintenance of wake and sleep cycles, effective antioxidant

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