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Colonization. Today, we understand that our nation is part of what we call the “age of globalization.” We must understand that early American history was also part of what we call the “New World” or the “Atlantic World.”. Influences.
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Colonization • Today, we understand that our nation is part of what we call the “age of globalization.” • We must understand that early American history was also part of what we call the “New World” or the “Atlantic World.”
Influences • The Atlantic World includes the connection between western Europe and the colonies that were established by the Spanish, Portuguese, French, Dutch and English during the 15th and 16th centuries. • European immigration to the Americas, the defeat and decline of native populations, the desire for riches and trade, the creation of new cultures; all influenced the New World.
Colonies Most Europeans came to the Americas seeking profit and economic opportunity Others came in search of religious freedom, or to escape from religious oppression, or to seek adventure.
Colonies • During the 15th and 16th centuries, Spain had established an empire in Central and South America, the Caribbean and some parts of North America. • By 1608, the French had established the colony of Quebec in Canada
By 1624, the Dutch had established trading posts along the Hudson, Delaware and Connecticut Rivers. The largest Dutch town was New Amsterdam, the present day location of New York City. ( canals and Wall Street) • By 1700 the Portuguese had established Madeira off the coast of Africa and eventually the colony of Brazil in South America.
Influences • Columbian Exchange - the transatlantic trade or exchange of crops, technology, and culture between the Americas and Europe, Africa and Asia after the voyages of Columbus. .
The Arrival of the English • Sir Walter Raleigh received a land grant to establish an English colony in Virginia.
The first attempt at a colony in 1585 at Roanoke Island (North Carolina) failed when the colonists decided to return to England.
1n 1587 the English attempted a second colony at Roanoke Island. • The attack on England by Spain with the mighty Spanish Armada in 1588 prevented any English ships from delivering additional supplies to Roanoke. • England defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588.
When the English returned to Roanoke, the island was deserted. The word Croatoan was carved on a post. Therefore the Roanoke colony is called the Lost Colony.
The failures at Roanoke ended the concept of large English land grants in the New World. However, a group of merchants from London and Plymouth formed a joint –stock company in order to colonize two areas: Virginia and Plymouth (Joint –stock company- a group of individuals invest in a company jointly hoping to obtain a profit) In 1606, King James I issued a charter to the Virginia Company of London in order to establish an English colony in Virginia.
Jamestown 1st Permanent English Colony • In 1607, Captain Christopher Newport led a party of 144 settlers on the ships Susan Constant, Godspeed and Discovery to Virginia.
The 104 that survived landed in May of 1607 on a peninsula on the James River they called Jamestown.
Problems at Jamestown Fort • Colonists suffered from malaria, poor water and other infections. • Many wasted time searching for gold rather than planting food. • By January of 1608, only 38 of the 104 settlers still survived.
Jamestown mostly survived due to the leadership of Captain John Smith. • Smith imposed a strict system that -he who shall not work shall not eat. • Smith also encouraged raids on neighboring Indian villages as well as establishing trade with the Indians.
The Starving Time at Jamestown • In 1609, the Virginia Company sent nine ships and about 600 new settlers to Jamestown. • However, the winter of 1609-10 was called the “starving time” because Indians had barricaded colonists within the fort and many colonists died from starvation and disease. • When a supply ship arrived in 1610, only 60 emaciated people were still alive. The colonists were prepared to leave, but decided to remain.
Jamestown Survives In 1612 Jamestown planter John Rolfe began the cultivation of a variety of Spanish tobacco, now called Virginia Tobacco. Marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas
Planters soon began growing tobacco in the interior of Virginia and it became the cash crop of Virginia.
1619-Three Major Events • In 1619 Jamestown elected the first elected representative assembly called the House of Burgesses. • The first group of women were brought to Jamestown. • The first group of Africans were brought to Jamestown from a Dutch ship and were considered indentured servants, not slaves.
The Virginia colony grows • To entice workers, the Virginia Company initiated the “headright system.” Each settler that lived in the colony received a headright or 50 acres of land. A married couple were therefore guaranteed 100 acres. A settler that paid passage for a new settler could receive an additional headright or 50 acres for each new settler. As a result of this system, some colonists assembled large tracks of land. English aristocrats that settled in Virginia were called Cavaliers.
End of the Virginia Company • As the Virginia colony grew, there were often periods of war and peace between the Powhatan Indians and the Virginia settlers. • In 1614, the Chief Powhatan’s daughter Pocahontas married John Rolfe. She traveled to England, but died before her return trip to Virginia.
With the death of Pocahontas and later Powhatan combined with the continued encroachment on Indian lands, relations between the colonists and the Indians soon deteriorated. • When the brother of Powhatan, Opechencanough became chief, he launched an attack on the English in 1622, killing 347 settlers. • After this attack, King James I of England revoked the Virginia charter and declared Virginia a Royal colony in 1624.
Virginia would continue to grow and prosper and become the largest of the 13 colonies. • By the end of the 17th century, the seat of Virginia government was moved to Williamsburg.
Bacon’s Rebellion: In 1676, Nathanial Bacon and his supporters led a raid on Jamestown and several tobacco plantations in protest against falling tobacco prices, Governor Berkley’s delay in forming a militia against Indian attacks, and and what he called the ineffective government in Jamestown.
The Governor and his supporters were forced to flee, twice. • However, Bacon died suddenly, and the protest ended.
11. What was the main reason colonists came to Virginia? • 12. What was Bacon’s Rebellion? • 13. Who were the Cavaliers? • 14. What event had occurred in Europe in 1588 which greatly opened the sea for further English attempts at colonization in the New World? • 15. Describe to the best of your ability, the real historical importance of Pocahontas and John Smith to the success of the Jamestown settlement. • 16. What was the importance of the tobacco developed by John Rolfe?
