Motivation and Emotion

1. Motivation and Emotion Unit 9

2. Why? Why do you play sports so intensely? Why do you practice music so long? Why do you memorize songs? Do you know who the Toledo Mud Hens are? 2

3. Study or Party? 3

4. What is learned helplessness? • Condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable. I have no control over what goes on around me. It’s all LUCK!!! I can’t do it, so why try?

5. Can it be changed? YES

6. Motivation • An internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal. • Includes the various psychological and physiological factors that cause us to act a certain way at a certain time.

8. William McDougall • Instinct theory • Natural or inherited tendencies to make a specific response to certain environmental stimuli without involving reason. • A flaw however: • Instincts do not explain behavior; they simply label it.

9. Instincts for Humans 9

10. A Question So, what motivates us to action?

11. Need  Drive • Need – results from a lack of something desirable or useful • Can be physiological or psychological • Drive – an internal condition that can change over time and pushes the individual towards a specific goal or goals. • Drive-reduction theory • Clark Hull • All human motives are extensions of basic biological needs. • Some say Hull overlooked motivation.

12. Depravation leads to agitation. Text

13. Quick Check What is the difference between a need and a drive?

14. Homeostasis 14

15. Clark Hull – approval becomes a learned drive.Drive-reduction theory

16. Harry Harlow

17. Drive-reduction • Emphasizes the internal states. • Incentive • Stresses the role of the environment. • The object we seek or the result we are trying to achieve. • Reinforces, goals, and rewards. • Drives push needs; incentives pull to obtain.

18. Cognitive Theory • Psychologists seek to explain by looking at forces inside and outside of us that energize us to move. • Two types: • Extrinsic • Activities that reduce biological needs or obtain incentives or external rewards. • Intrinsic • Engaging in activities because those activities are personally rewarding or because engaging in them fulfills our beliefs or expectations.

20. Biological and Social Motives

21. Why is it that some people seem more motivated than others when it comes to achieving something?

22. Much of life is spent trying to satisfy biological and social needs. • Biological needs are physiological requirements that we must fulfill to survive. • Social needs are those that are learned through experience.

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25. Biological Motives • Critical to survival and physical well-being. • Built-in regulating systems work like thermostats to maintain such internal processes as body temperature, the level of sugar in the blood, and the production of hormones. • Homeostasis – the tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations.

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27. The Story of D.W.

28. Hunger • What motivates you to seek food? • What produces a hunger sensation? • What makes you hungry? • To what is your body responding?

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30. Lateral Hypothalamus • The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals. • Ventromedial hypothalamus • The part of the hypothalamus that can cause one to stop eating.

31. Three kinds of information the hypothalamus interprets: • The amount of glucose entering the cells, • Your set-point (day-to-day weight) • Body temperature

32. Hunger – Other Factors • External • Where, When, What we eat • Smell • Peer pressure (to eat; to not eat) • Psychological • Binge eating • Depressed eating • Stress eating • Boredom

34. Obesity • Obese – 30% or more above the ideal weight. • Overweight – 20% over the ideal weight. • Stanley Schachter (Columbia): • Research study - normal people eat when hungry and obese people eat either way. • Interval cues vs. External cues.

35. Anorexia Nervosa • About 1% of people suffer from the disease.

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37. Social Motives • Learned from interactions with other people. • Need for achievement. • Fear of failure. • Fear of success. • Martina Horner • “After first term finals, ____ finds himself at the top of ____ medical school class. • Bright women had a strong fear of success than did average or slightly above average women.

38. Michele Bachmann

39. Expectancy-Value • Developed by J.W. Atkinson • Expectancy – estimated likelihood of success. • Value – what the goal is worth.

40. Abraham Maslow • Humanistic psychology. • ALL humans need to feel competent, to win approval and recognition, and to sense they are achieving something.

42. The Need To Belong

43. What Evidence Points to Our Human Need to Belong? • Aristotle - We are social • “Without friends no one would choose to live, through he had all other goods.” 43

44. This doesn’t mean that we need...

45. Survival • Staying close to kin. • Cooperation. 45

46. What Is It That Makes Your Life Meaningful?

47. Pause to Consider What was your most satisfying moment in the past week?

48. Happy People are distinguished by their rich and satisfying relationships.

50. Mark Leary • Much of our social behavior is directed toward increasing our belonging. • To avoid rejection: • Reform • To win friendships and esteem: • Monitor our behavior • Seeking love and belonging • Just how far are we willing to go? 50