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THE AGE OF JEFFERSON (1800-1816). Includes the presidencies of both Thomas Jefferson, and his good friend and fellow Democratic Republican, James Madison. The Louisiana Purchase (The trademark of Jefferson’s first term as president). Jefferson wanted to Expand the Territory of the US because:
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THE AGE OF JEFFERSON(1800-1816) Includes the presidencies of both Thomas Jefferson, and his good friend and fellow Democratic Republican, James Madison
The Louisiana Purchase(The trademark of Jefferson’s first term as president) Jefferson wanted to Expand the Territory of the US because: The Country was growing fast, the US farmers needed more space. US wanted/needed access to the newly settling western states and territories of the “West” and “Northwest”(ie. access to port of New Orleans and the Mississippi River) Could use Port of New Orleans and Miss. River for free with Pinkney’s Treaty, but, Napoleon took over Louisiana from Spain, nullifying Pinkney’s Treaty (bummer).
American diplomats sent to France to purchase Port of New Orleans for $10 million • Napoleon counter-offers to sell all of Louisiana for an insanely low price ($15 million) • Unfortunately the sale is not necessarily constitutional (if a strict constructionist, like Jefferson) • Jefferson takes the deal anyway. Striking a Deal With Napoleon
Lewis and Clark • Jefferson sends Meriweather Lewis and William Clark on an expedition of Discovery May, 1804- September, 1806. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29T_40F_Urc&list=PL5Viu8ngi9sNkNc1ORoMIMYu6jH0x6jBz&index=2 • https://search.yahoo.com/search?ei=utf-8&fr=ytff1-&p=youtube%20lewis%20and%20clark%20joshfilm&type= Famous map of Lewis and Clark's expedition. It changed mapping of northwest America by providing the first accurate depiction of the relationship of the sources of the Columbia and Missouri Rivers, and the Rocky Mountains around 1814.
Jefferson’s Political Views • Wants a Nation of middle class farmers • Strict interpretation of the Constitution rather loose interpretation. • Believed that State and local governments were closest to the people. • Believed in small government. • Strongly Deist (nearly atheist)
Jefferson Shrunk the Federal Government • Paid down debt: $80 million in 1800 to $57 million in 1809 (using Federalist Alexander Hamilton’s debt repayment plan) • Smaller bureaucracy, smaller army, smaller navy • Cut taxes, particularly those hated excise taxes (like Whiskey tax) • Repealed some Adams Administration legislation; let others, such as Alien/Sedition Acts, expire
Midnight Judges: • Federalist Judges appointed by Adams right at the very end of his administration as Adam’s way to maintain Federalist legacy in the face of Democratic Republic political victory in 1800. • Appointed by John Adams immediately before the end of his administration as one of the “Midnight Judges” • Former member of House of Representatives (1799-1800) • Staunch Federalist • In this Chief Justice position for 35 years (1801-1835), presided over 1000 cases and wrote over half of them. The Chief Justice: John Marshall
Legacy of Marbury vs. Madison • Judicial Review!!!!!! …equaled out the powers of the 3 branches of government…now the Judicial branch could judge the actions of the Executive (president) and Legislative (Congress) branches as Constitutional or Unconstitutional…a check on their powers, cementing the position of the Presidency • Decisions as a whole established primacy of federal over states’ power in terms of the economy and economic growth, as well as the supremacy of federal law over state laws. Legacy of Marshall, in general
Marshall’s Legacy Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819) Same outcome as Fletcher v. Peck, but for corporations and businesses, rather than private individuals.
Jefferson and Foreign Policy(Further struggles with Great Britain) • The Circumstances • Thomas Jefferson elected to a second term in 1804….and he continued to try to maintain US neutrality, BUT…. • The Napoleonic Wars raged on -There had been continuous warfare in Europe since 1793, mostly pitting Great Britain and France (and their respective allies) against each other...
Both the French and the British wanted the • US to join their side, and bothhad been seizing American merchant ships in an effort to convince the US to abandon neutrality (remember Jay Treaty and XYZ Affair!!!), but we were angrier at Great Britain, because… • Britain controlled the seas, particularly the Atlantic, where we most often traded. • Being a Democratic Republican, Jefferson was, by definition, pro-French. • The British did not just seize cargo, but also press American sailors into British naval service… an estimated 6,000 sailors with U.S. citizenship were impressed (kidnapped) into the British Navy between 1803 and 1812.
Meanwhile…The Barbary Wars (1801-1805) • The Barbary States of North Africa got bribes (“protection money”) from many International states in return for their pirates not raiding their shipping. Bribes = to 20% of US government’s annual expenses in 1800! • In 1801, the ruler of Tripoli increased his price. • Jefferson sent the Navy to Mediterranean Sea to blockade the city and won (after 4 years of sporadic fighting) a favorable peace and reduction in bribes. • A boost of confidence in and respect for our Naval abilities!
The Chesapeake-Leopard affair (1807) was the final straw that led, NOT to war, but to…. The Embargo Act What was it? As an alternate to war, The Embargo Act prohibited any US merchant ship from sailing to any foreign port. In other words “We won’t trade with ANYONE!” Jefferson hoped that Great Britain would quit violating our trade rights, rather than lose us as their #1 trade partner…not so much.
The Embargo Act So What? • Smuggling how viable were US Laws if ignored? • Great Britain replaced US goods with South American and Indian goods crippled US economy (economic Depression), especially in New England Talk of New England seceding!!! • Federalist congress elected in 1808 repealed Embargo Act in 1809 and • Replaced the Embargo Act with Non-Intercourse Act (now trading with everyone, except France and Great Britain…not much better, so… • Macon’s Bill #2…”okay, we will trade with GB and France, but if either officially agrees to respect our neutral trade rights, then we will not longer trade with the other.” WHAT!?!??!! Good Grief. (PS. Napoleon was a liar)
Causes for the War of 1812 • Continued British Naval seizure or American ships/goods and impressment of US sailors (duh) • The British army still supporting Native American resistance to American expansion on their land, especially in NW Territory, under the leadership of Tecumsah ( that’s him) • The United States had a desire to expand into more territory like British Canada and Spanish Florida. • A new confidence, as a result of the Barbary Wars, made the US fear war with Great Britain a bit less, and desire International respect a little more.
The War of 1812: Just the Facts • WHERE? • Canada • Naval Battles (on the Atlantic and in the Great Lakes • Chesapeake Bay Area • Southern Campaign WHO? WHEN? • James Madison was US president who inherited this situation • US vs. Great Britain (and Spain and Native American Allies) • War declared in June, 1812 • Treaty of Ghent officially ended the War on 12/24/1814, but Last Battle (New Orleans) was on January 8, 1815
Potential American Shortcomings in The War of 1812 • The military was poorly trained and led and relatively small • The U.S. navy was no match for the British navy (who was ?!?!) • Jefferson’s cuts on military spending now an issue • Americans will be forced to fight a defensive war against an invading professional army
Tecumseh and Indian Nationalism: The Last Straw • In 1811, Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief attempted to unify the Indian tribes that had been removed from the Ohio River Valley since the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) • His twin brother, Prophet, preached that Indians should reject White ways and embrace their heritage • The brothers had a large following but their hopes were destroyed at the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811). Americans on the frontier blamed the British and War Hawks demanded war to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy Indian resistance.
A Nation Divided (sorry, George) • Southern and Western states and territories (Plus Pennsylvania and Vermont) and Democratic Republicans voted for war. • Northern states and Federalists voted against war. • War was declared, despite northern/Federalist opposition, in June, 1812. • Ironically, the British government had, by this time, officially agreed to end naval seizure and impressment, but the news did not reach Washington until AFTER war was declared (where is the internet when you need it?) • War started with a three-pronged invasion of Canada by US (from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain) – all easily defeated by British and all encouraged British retaliation.
The Theaters of War • The War of 1812 started with a three-pronged invasion of Canadaby the US (from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain) – all were easily defeated by British and all encouraged later British retaliation. • Naval battles: US Ship, the Constitution, sunk a British ship off Nova Scotia and American privateers captured many British merchant ships (though a British Blockade crippled American trade and fishing on the Atlantic. Later US Naval victories on Lake Erie and Lake Champlain.
The Death of Tecumseh On October 5, 1813, British and Indian forces were defeated by American forces, led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Thames River (near Detroit) Tecumseh’s death ended Indian resistance in the Ohio River Valley.
The British Burn the Capital 3. The Chesapeake Campaign: After their defeat at Lake Champlain, the British abandoned their plan to invade New York/ New England • Instead, in August, 1814, the British Army (freed up by their recent defeat of Napoleon) invaded the United States and marched on Washington D.C. • After a brief fight, the city surrendered and nearly all government buildings were destroyed by fire and the British marched toward Baltimore…
“The Star Spangled Banner” • Francis Scott Key, a prisoner on a British barge witnessed the British bombardment of Fort McHenry, near Baltimore for 12 hours. • In the morning he observed that the American flag still flew over the fort and wrote a poem called “The Defense of Ft. McHenry” which eventually became “The Star Spangled Banner” • Americans rallied to the war effort after the capital was burnt It unified the nation.
The Southern Campaign: General Andrew Jacksonmade a name for himself in the South: • In March, 1814 at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, ending the power of the Creek Nation (an important British ally). • At The Battle of New Orleans, a motley band of American forces inflicted great casualties on the British army and halted a British effort to control the Mississippi River.
The Battle of New Orleans As a result, Andrew Jackson will be associated with winning the war. People assumed that this victory was responsible for ending the war, though it was fought on January 8, 1815, two weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was signed.
The Treaty of Ghent : Things that make you go hmmm • Signed on December 24, 1814 and officially ended The War of 1812. • It restored Status quo ante bellum and declared: • A halt to the fighting • Return of all conquered territory to prewar owner • Recognition of prewar Canada/US boundary
The Impacts of the War of 1812 • A sense of nationalism and pride swept America. (We may not have won our stated goals, but hey, we didn’t lose to Great Britain!) • The US accepted Canada as a British owned neighbor • The US, forced into self-sufficiency during the British naval blockade during the war embarked on industrial growth, foreign trade, building a US transportation. • Native American resistance was permanently removed from the Ohio River Valley, opening the “west” for expansion. • Anti-war New England Federalists, who had threatened secession during the war now seen as unpatriotic • New generation of political leaders (such as Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison) were introduced.
