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Unit 7

Chap. 31. Unit 7. I) Causes of WWI Four MAIN Factors: A) Militarism Glorification of arms; force = only way to solve problems Industrialization (mass production); weapons – flame-thrower, machine gun, poison gas, tank, airplane, U-boat, trench warfare,…

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Unit 7

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  1. Chap. 31 Unit 7

  2. I) Causes of WWI Four MAIN Factors: A) Militarism • Glorification of arms; force = only way to solve problems • Industrialization (mass production); weapons – flame-thrower, machine gun, poison gas, tank, airplane, U-boat, trench warfare,… • Social Darwinism; arms race (e.g. GB & German navies)

  3. German Triplane

  4. B) Alliances • 1882 - Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (Bismarck) • 1907 – Triple Entente: France, Russia, Great Britain

  5. C) Imperialism • Ambition of a powerful nation to dominate the affairs of another country • Competition; rivalries (demand for new raw materials – industrialization) D) Nationalism • Desire to unite all people of a nation under one gov’t (state) • Balkan “Powder Keg” – many nations • Pan-Slavism: Russia (unite all Slavs) • Entangling alliances (e.g. Serbia & Russia)

  6. II) War Begins A) Assassination at Sarajevo • June 28, 1914 - Archduke Ferdinand & wife killed in Bosnia • Gavrilo Princip – Black Hand • Austria-Hungary - ultimatum to Serbia

  7. B) The Great War begins(jump to 15 minutes) • July 28, 1914 - A-H declared war on Serbia (mobilization) • Germany and its leader William II (gave A-H a “blank check”), Russia, France, then GB declare war • Schlieffen Plan (Germany)

  8. The Schlieffen Plan

  9. Central Powers Allied Powers The Antagonists • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Bulgaria • Ottoman Empire Great Britain France Russia Italy (1915) USA (1917) others… (Japanese, Indians, Arabs, Africans,…)

  10. After two years of fighting the front lines (in yellow) had barely moved; by 1916 the war was a stalemate

  11. No Man’s Land

  12. Preparing to “hop the bags”

  13. Russian / Austrian / German

  14. The increasing alienation between the Austrian and German high commands caused some German officers to cynically state "we are shackled to a corpse." Austrian Chief-of-Staff Conrad von Hoetzendorf

  15. B) Total War – entire nation’s resources used (colonies)approx.6 min in • Naval warfare (e.g. British blockade) • Conscription – draft • Propaganda – exaggerate atrocities • Women – nurses, factories C) Russian Revolutions (1917) (47 mins) • ~2 million Russians killed; riots • February Revolution – overthrows czar; democratic gov’t • V.I. Lenin (Bolshevik (Communist) Revolution); pulls Russia out of war

  16. IV) The “War to End All Wars” A) The United States Declares War • Unrestricted submarine warfare; was restricted since Lusitania incident (1915); 1200 died, 128 Americans died • Cultural ties – w/ Britain & France; Russia was a democracy (temporarily) • Zimmerman Note (from Germany, 1917); Mexico to invade U.S.; British intercept & decode • Unrestricted submarine warfare resumes -Woodrow Wilson – war declaration to Congress (1917)

  17. In April 1917, when Woodrow Wilson sent a declaration of war to Congress, he painted it idealistically as a war “to make the world safe for democracy” and as a “war to end all wars”

  18. B) Last Days of the War • By 1918 - 2 million Fresh U.S. soldiers destroy morale of Central Powers • Bulgarians & Turks surrender; revolution in A-H (separate gov’ts) - pull out of the war • 11/9/18 - Kaiser abdicated, Weimar Republic (democracy) • 11/11/18 @ 11:00am– Armistice; Allied victory

  19. C) The Influenza Pandemic • 1918-’19: “Spanish Flu” • Worst pandemic in history (2.5% mortality rate) • 20-40 million deaths

  20. D) Paris Peace Conference(first 13 min) • 1919 – “Big Four” (U.S., Britain, France, & Italy) • 14 Points (“Peace w/o victory”) • No secret treaties • Freedom of the seas • Remove all economic barriers (ex. tariffs) • Reduce armed forces • Fair adjustment of colonies,… self determination-self rule 14. League of Nations

  21. The “Big Four”

  22. E) Treaty of Versailles Justice or Vengeance • Most of 14 pts. NOT followed (Germ. surrendered b/c of these pts.) • Germany – reduced army & navy, destroy air force, lost land & colonies, War Guilt Clause, paid huge indemnity (stagflation); ~ 1 trillion % inflation • “November Criminals” Germans finding some use for their money

  23. German stamps issued after WWI; note that some numbers have been stamped over due to massive inflation

  24. Europe in 1919 The “Polish Corridor”

  25. F) Failure of the Conference 1) Germany, Italy and Russia felt betrayed (didn’t get what they wanted); led to dictatorships 2) New boundaries and countries = problems & tensions 3) U.S. never joined the League (entangling alliances) 4) Extended hatred; no “peace w/ honor”

  26. Final Statistics: • ~30 million casualties, 10 million dead (Russia - 2 mil., US - >115,000) • Almost as many civilian casualties (besides the influenza pandemic!) • > $300 billion estimated cost (cannot calculate social loss – “Lost Generation”)

  27. The Great War in Numbers

  28. A German Hospital

  29. The End

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